Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism and Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021 May;17(5):261-275. doi: 10.1038/s41574-021-00477-2. Epub 2021 Mar 16.
Biomineralization is the process by which organisms produce mineralized tissues. This crucial process makes possible the rigidity and flexibility that the skeleton needs for ambulation and protection of vital organs, and the hardness that teeth require to tear and grind food. The skeleton also serves as a source of mineral in times of short supply, and the intestines absorb and the kidneys reclaim or excrete minerals as needed. This Review focuses on physiological and pathological aspects of the hormonal regulation of biomineralization. We discuss the roles of calcium and inorganic phosphate, dietary intake of minerals and the delicate balance between activators and inhibitors of mineralization. We also highlight the importance of tight regulation of serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate, and the major regulators of biomineralization: parathyroid hormone (PTH), the vitamin D system, vitamin K, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and phosphatase enzymes. Finally, we summarize how developmental stresses in the fetus and neonate, and in the mother during pregnancy and lactation, invoke alternative hormonal regulatory pathways to control mineral delivery, skeletal metabolism and biomineralization.
生物矿化是生物体产生矿化组织的过程。这个关键过程使骨骼具有了步行和保护重要器官所需的刚性和灵活性，以及牙齿撕裂和研磨食物所需的硬度。骨骼在供应短缺时也是矿物质的来源，肠道吸收，肾脏回收或排泄矿物质以满足需要。本综述重点讨论了激素对生物矿化的生理和病理调节。我们讨论了钙和无机磷酸盐的作用、矿物质的饮食摄入以及矿化激活剂和抑制剂之间的微妙平衡。我们还强调了严格调节血清钙和磷酸盐浓度以及生物矿化的主要调节剂：甲状旁腺激素 (PTH)、维生素 D 系统、维生素 K、成纤维细胞生长因子 23 (FGF23) 和磷酸酶的重要性。最后，我们总结了胎儿和新生儿以及孕妇和哺乳期母亲的发育压力如何引发替代的激素调节途径来控制矿物质输送、骨骼代谢和生物矿化。
