German Sport University Cologne.
J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2021 Apr 1;43(2):140-154. doi: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0066. Epub 2021 Mar 17.
Nonverbal behavior (NVB) plays an important role in sports. However, it has been difficult to measure, as no coding schemes exist to objectively measure NVB in sports. Therefore, the authors adapted the Body Action and Posture Coding System to the context of soccer penalties, validated it, and initially used this system (Nonverbal Behavior Coding System for Soccer Penalties [NBCSP]) to explore NVB in penalties. Study 1 demonstrated that the NBCSP had good to excellent intercoder reliability regarding the occurrence and temporal precision of NVBs. It also showed that the coding system could differentiate certain postures and behaviors as a function of emotional valence (i.e., positive vs. negative emotional states). Study 2 identified differences in NVB for successful and missed shots in a sample of penalties (time spent looking toward the goal, toward the ground, right arm movement, and how upright the body posture was). The authors discuss the utility of the coding system for different sport contexts.
非言语行为（NVB）在体育运动中起着重要作用。然而，由于没有编码方案可以客观地测量体育运动中的 NVB，因此一直难以衡量。因此，作者将身体动作和姿势编码系统改编为足球点球的情境，对其进行了验证，并初步使用该系统（足球点球非言语行为编码系统[NBCSP]）来探索点球中的 NVB。研究 1 表明，NBCSP 在 NVB 的发生和时间精度方面具有良好到极好的编码者间可靠性。它还表明，该编码系统可以根据情绪效价（即积极与消极情绪状态）区分某些姿势和行为。研究 2 在点球样本中确定了成功和错失射门的 NVB 差异（注视球门、地面的时间、右臂运动以及身体姿势的直立程度）。作者讨论了编码系统在不同运动情境中的实用性。
