Park HyunA, Park SeoA, Yang Yung-Hun, Choi Kwon-Young
Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.
Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2021 Sep;41(6):879-901. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1892579. Epub 2021 Mar 17.
Violacein is a pigment synthesized by Gram-negative bacteria such as . It has garnered significant interest owing to its unique physiological and biological activities along with its synergistic effects with various antibiotics. In addition to , several microorganisms, including: sp., sp., sp., and sp., are known to produce violacein. Along with the identification of violacein-producing strains, the genetic regulation, quorum sensing mechanism, and sequence of the -operon involved in the biosynthesis of violacein have been elucidated. From an engineering perspective, the heterologous production of violacein using the genetically engineered or host has also been attempted. Genetic engineering of host cells involves the heterologous expression of genes involved in the vio operon and the optimization of metabolic pathways and gene regulation. Further, the crystallography of VioD and VioE was revealed, and mass production by enzyme engineering has been accelerated. In this review, we highlight the biologically assisted end-use applications of violacein (such as functional fabric development, nanoparticles, functional polymer composites, and sunscreen ingredients) and violacein activation mechanisms, production strains, and the results of mass production with engineered methods. The prospects for violacein research and engineering applications have also been discussed.
紫菌素是由革兰氏阴性细菌如……合成的一种色素。由于其独特的生理和生物活性以及与各种抗生素的协同作用，它引起了人们的极大兴趣。除了……之外，包括……菌属、……菌属、……菌属和……菌属在内的几种微生物也已知会产生紫菌素。随着产紫菌素菌株的鉴定，参与紫菌素生物合成的遗传调控、群体感应机制以及……操纵子的序列已被阐明。从工程学角度来看，也尝试过使用基因工程改造的……或……宿主进行紫菌素的异源生产。宿主细胞的基因工程涉及vio操纵子中相关基因的异源表达以及代谢途径和基因调控的优化。此外，还揭示了VioD和VioE的晶体结构，并通过酶工程加速了大规模生产。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了紫菌素的生物辅助最终用途应用（如功能性织物开发、纳米颗粒、功能性聚合物复合材料和防晒成分）以及紫菌素的激活机制、生产菌株和工程方法大规模生产的结果。还讨论了紫菌素研究和工程应用的前景。
