Gomes Micaela, Felgueiras Helena P, Leite Barbara R, Soares Graça M B
Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), Department of Textile Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
RDD Textiles, Rua do Arranjinho 381 Fração, Q Pavilhão 17, 4750-803 Barcelos, Portugal.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2025 May 17;14(5):520. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14050520.
Bacterial pigments have gained significant attention across multiple industries due to their natural hues and unique functional properties. Beyond coloration, some of these pigments exhibit antibacterial activity, making them particularly valuable in the textile industry as sustainable alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial treatments. Bacteria produce a vast array of pigments through diverse biosynthetic pathways, which reflect their metabolic adaptability and ecological roles. These pathways are influenced by environmental factors such as pH, temperature, and nutrient availability. Key pigments, including carotenoids, melanin, violacein, and prodigiosin, are synthesised through distinct mechanisms, often involving tightly regulated enzymatic reactions. For example, carotenoid biosynthesis relies on isoprenoid precursors, while melanin formation involves the oxidation of aromatic amino acids. Understanding these pathways provides insights into bacterial survival strategies, stress responses, and interactions with their environment. This review examines the dyeing potential of bacterial pigments on natural and synthetic fabrics, highlighting advancements in environmentally friendly extraction methods to minimise the ecological impact. Additionally, it explores safety, biocompatibility, and industrial challenges associated with bacterial pigment applications. Finally, future perspectives on integrating these pigments into various industries are discussed, emphasising their potential as bio-based solutions for sustainable and functional materials.
细菌色素因其天然色泽和独特的功能特性在多个行业中受到了广泛关注。除了用于染色外，其中一些色素还具有抗菌活性，这使得它们在纺织工业中作为合成抗菌处理的可持续替代品具有特别重要的价值。细菌通过多种生物合成途径产生大量色素，这反映了它们的代谢适应性和生态作用。这些途径受pH值、温度和养分可用性等环境因素的影响。关键色素，包括类胡萝卜素、黑色素、紫罗酮和灵菌红素，是通过不同的机制合成的，通常涉及严格调控的酶促反应。例如，类胡萝卜素的生物合成依赖于类异戊二烯前体，而黑色素的形成则涉及芳香族氨基酸的氧化。了解这些途径有助于深入了解细菌的生存策略、应激反应以及它们与环境的相互作用。本综述探讨了细菌色素在天然和合成织物上的染色潜力，强调了在环保提取方法方面取得的进展，以尽量减少对生态的影响。此外，还探讨了与细菌色素应用相关的安全性、生物相容性和工业挑战。最后，讨论了将这些色素整合到各个行业的未来前景，强调了它们作为可持续和功能性材料的生物基解决方案的潜力。
