University of Western Ontario, Family Medicine, PHFM, 1151 Richmond St. London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, M5S 2S1, Canada.
Accid Anal Prev. 2021 May;154:106011. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106011. Epub 2021 Mar 16.
Traditionally, a first step toward independence for a North American youth has been to obtain a driver's licence. Licensure can be associated with freedom and independence to provide teens opportunities to participate in conventional and health-enhancing behaviours, such as school, work, sporting events and other social activities, and/or provide opportunities to engage in unconventional, risk taking and health compromising behaviours. Yet, recent trends show that youth are delaying getting their licence.
The purpose of this study was to use the constructs of conventional and unconventional behaviours identified in Problem Behaviour Theory (PBT) under the behaviour system to examine whether driver licensure status in youth was associated with conventional, health-enhancing behaviours or unconventional, health compromising, risky behaviours.
Data were derived from the 2015 and 2017 cycles of the Ontario Student Drug Use Survey (OSDUHS). Analyses are based on a subsample of students who were at least 16 years of age. Included measures: driver's licence (at least a G1 - the first stage of a 3-stage graduated licensing system), conventional behaviours (academic performance, school connectedness, employment, physical activity, and sleep), unconventional behaviours (tobacco use, cannabis use, alcohol use, binge drinking, hazardous drinking, problematic drug use, screen time, and number of antisocial behaviours), and control factors (age, sex, region, family Socio-Economic Status (SES)).
67.97 % of youth 16-19 years of age obtained a driver's licence. Of the sample, 71.80 % of males, 75.05 % not living in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and 70.86 % of youth with an average family SES received their driver's licence. In regression analyses, older youth, males, and youth not living in the GTA had significantly higher odds of obtaining a driver's licence than younger youth, females, and youth living in the GTA. Conventional behaviours that were significantly positively associated with licensure status included youth who had high academic achievement, good social connectedness, and who were employed. Unconventional behaviours that were significantly positively associated with licensure status included alcohol use and binge drinking.
In agreement with Problem Behaviour Theory, the results show that youth who obtain their licence show limited problematic lifestyle or 'proneness' (Gohari, 2019). Alcohol use and binge drinking were significantly associated with youth obtaining a driver's licence but hazardous drinking was not. This study suggests that a driver's licence for youth could both control but also instigate unconventional behaviours as identified by PBT. A driver's licence could also provide opportunities for conventional behaviours associated with education and school connectedness. However, the independence provided by a driver's licence could offer youth unsupervised social opportunities to drink and binge drink that may be health-compromising. Thus, based on PBT, licensure status is associated with both conventional behaviours, as well as problem behaviours associated with alcohol use.
在北美，青少年走向独立的传统第一步通常是获得驾驶执照。获得驾照可以带来自由和独立，为青少年提供参与常规和促进健康行为的机会，如上学、工作、参加体育活动和其他社交活动，和/或提供参与非传统、冒险和危害健康行为的机会。然而，最近的趋势表明，青少年获得驾照的时间正在推迟。
本研究旨在使用问题行为理论（PBT）中行为系统下确定的常规行为和非传统行为的结构，研究青少年的驾照状况是否与常规、促进健康的行为或非传统、危害健康、冒险行为有关。
数据来自 2015 年和 2017 年安大略省学生毒品使用调查（OSDUHS）的周期。分析基于至少 16 岁的学生的子样本。包括的措施：驾驶执照（至少 G1-三级渐进式驾照系统的第一阶段），常规行为（学习成绩、学校联系、就业、体育活动和睡眠），非传统行为（吸烟、使用大麻、饮酒、狂饮、危险饮酒、滥用药物、使用屏幕时间和从事反社会行为的次数），和控制因素（年龄、性别、地区、家庭社会经济地位（SES））。
16-19 岁的青少年中，有 67.97%获得了驾照。在样本中，71.80%的男性、75.05%不住在大多伦多地区（GTA）、70.86%的平均家庭 SES 的青少年获得了驾照。在回归分析中，年龄较大的青少年、男性和不住在 GTA 的青少年获得驾照的可能性显著高于年龄较小的青少年、女性和居住在 GTA 的青少年。与驾照状况显著正相关的常规行为包括学习成绩高、社交联系良好和有工作的青少年。与驾照状况显著正相关的非传统行为包括饮酒和狂饮。
与问题行为理论一致，结果表明，获得驾照的青少年表现出有限的不良生活方式或“倾向”（Gohari，2019）。饮酒和狂饮与青少年获得驾照显著相关，但危险饮酒则不然。本研究表明，驾照对青少年来说，既可以控制，也可以引发 PBT 所确定的非传统行为。驾照也可以为与教育和学校联系相关的常规行为提供机会。然而，驾驶执照所提供的独立性可能为青少年提供不受监督的社交机会，使他们饮酒和狂饮，从而危害健康。因此，根据 PBT，驾照状况与常规行为以及与饮酒相关的问题行为都有关。
