Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, United States of America.
Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, United States of America; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05401, United States of America.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Jan 10;699:134318. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134318. Epub 2019 Sep 6.
Food loss and waste (FLW) reduce food available for consumption and increase the environmental burden of production. Reducing FLW increases agricultural and value-chain productivity and may reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with feeding the global population. Although studies of interventions that reduce FLW exist, almost no research systematically investigates FLW interventions across multiple value chains or countries, most likely due to challenges in collecting and synthesizing data and estimates, let alone estimating greenhouse gas emissions. Our research team investigated changes in FLW in projects supported by the United States Agency for International Development's (USAID) global hunger and food security initiative, Feed the Future. This was a unique opportunity to conduct ex-ante estimates of the impacts of FLW interventions across 20 value chains in 12 countries, based on project documents and interviews with USAID and project staff. This paper describes specific interventions in each value chain and country context, providing insight to interventions that decrease FLW at multiple points along food value chains, from upstream producer-dominated stages to downstream consumer-dominated stages. Amongst the sub-sectors studied, FLW interventions directed at extensive dairy systems could decrease FLW by 4-10%, providing meaningful greenhouse gas mitigation, since these systems are both emission-intensive and experience high FLW. More modest emissions reductions were found for other key agricultural products, including maize, rice, vegetables, fruits and market goods.
食物损失和浪费（FLW）减少了可食用食物的供应，并增加了生产的环境负担。减少 FLW 可以提高农业和价值链的生产力，并可能减少与养活全球人口相关的温室气体排放。尽管有研究干预措施来减少 FLW，但几乎没有研究系统地调查跨多个价值链或国家的 FLW 干预措施，这很可能是由于在收集和综合数据和估计方面存在挑战，更不用说估计温室气体排放了。我们的研究团队调查了美国国际开发署（USAID）全球饥饿和粮食安全倡议“Feed the Future”支持的项目中 FLW 的变化。这是一个独特的机会，可以根据项目文件和对 USAID 及项目工作人员的采访，对 12 个国家的 20 个价值链中的 FLW 干预措施进行事前估计。本文描述了每个价值链和国家背景下的具体干预措施，为减少食物价值链多个环节的 FLW 提供了干预措施的深入了解，从上游以生产者为主导的阶段到下游以消费者为主导的阶段。在所研究的子行业中，针对集约型乳制品系统的 FLW 干预措施可以减少 4-10%的 FLW，从而提供有意义的温室气体减排，因为这些系统排放密集且 FLW 较高。对于其他主要农产品，包括玉米、大米、蔬菜、水果和商品，发现的排放量减少幅度较小。
