Uchenna Emeribe Anthony, Nasir Abdullahi Idris, O R Ajagbe Odunayo, Egede Ugwu Charles, Oloche Onoja Solomon, Dahiru Abubakar Sharafudeen, Modesta Umeozuru Chikodi, Sunday Animasaun Olawale, Omoruyi Omosigho Pius, Mukhtar Danmusa Umar, Alhaji Baba Mallam Mala, Saidu Aminu Maijiddah, Yahaya Hadiza, Oyewusi Silifat
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria.
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 05 along Samaru road, Zaria, Nigeria.
Pathog Dis. 2021 Apr 9;79(4). doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftab017.
The 2019 and 2020 sporadic outbreaks of yellow fever (YF) in Sub-Saharan African countries had raised a lot of global health concerns. This article aims to narratively review the vector biology, YF vaccination program, environmental factors and climatic changes, and to understand how they could facilitate the reemergence of YF. This study comprehensively reviewed articles that focused on the interplay and complexity of YF virus (YFV) vector diversity/competence, YF vaccine immunodynamics and climatic change impacts on YFV transmission as they influence the 2019/2020 sporadic outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Based on available reports, vectorial migration, climatic changes and YF immunization level could be reasons for the re-mergence of YF at the community and national levels. Essentially, the drivers of YFV infection due to spillover are moderately constant. However, changes in land use and landscape have been shown to influence sylvan-to-urban spillover. Furthermore, increased precipitation and warmer temperatures due to climate change are likely to broaden the range of mosquitoes' habitat. The 2019/2020 YF outbreaks in SSA is basically a result of inadequate vaccination campaigns, YF surveillance and vector control. Consequently, and most importantly, adequate immunization coverage must be implemented and properly achieved under the responsibility of the public health stakeholders.
2019年和2020年撒哈拉以南非洲国家黄热病（YF）的零星爆发引发了诸多全球健康担忧。本文旨在对媒介生物学、黄热病疫苗接种计划、环境因素和气候变化进行叙述性综述，以了解它们如何促使黄热病再次出现。本研究全面回顾了聚焦于黄热病病毒（YFV）媒介多样性/能力、黄热病疫苗免疫动力学以及气候变化对YFV传播的影响（因为这些因素影响了2019/2020年撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）的零星疫情爆发）之间相互作用和复杂性的文章。根据现有报告，媒介迁移、气候变化和黄热病免疫水平可能是黄热病在社区和国家层面再次出现的原因。从本质上讲，溢出导致YFV感染的驱动因素相对稳定。然而，土地利用和景观的变化已被证明会影响丛林型向城市型的溢出。此外，气候变化导致的降水增加和气温升高可能会扩大蚊子的栖息地范围。2019/2020年SSA的黄热病疫情基本上是疫苗接种运动不足、黄热病监测和病媒控制不力的结果。因此，最重要的是，必须在公共卫生利益相关者的责任下实施并适当实现足够的免疫覆盖率。
