Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7000, USA.
Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA.
Pflugers Arch. 2021 Sep;473(9):1555-1568. doi: 10.1007/s00424-021-02551-0. Epub 2021 Mar 19.
Cone photoreceptors provide the foundation of most of human visual experience, but because they are smaller and less numerous than rods in most mammalian retinas, much less is known about their physiology. We describe new techniques and approaches which are helping to provide a better understanding of cone function. We focus on several outstanding issues, including the identification of the features of the phototransduction cascade that are responsible for the more rapid kinetics and decreased sensitivity of the cone response, the roles of inner-segment voltage-gated and Ca-activated channels, the means by which cones remain responsive even in the brightest illumination, mechanisms of cone visual pigment regeneration in constant light, and energy consumption of cones in comparison to that of rods.
圆锥细胞提供了人类大部分视觉体验的基础，但由于它们在大多数哺乳动物的视网膜中比杆状细胞更小且数量更少，因此对其生理学的了解要少得多。我们描述了一些新技术和方法，这些技术和方法有助于更好地理解圆锥细胞的功能。我们重点介绍了几个突出的问题，包括确定光传导级联中负责圆锥细胞反应更快动力学和降低灵敏度的特征，内部段电压门控和 Ca 激活通道的作用，即使在最亮的照明下圆锥细胞仍能保持反应的机制，在恒定光下圆锥细胞视觉色素再生的机制，以及与杆状细胞相比圆锥细胞的能量消耗。
