Cytomegalovirus prophylaxis using low-dose valganciclovir in patients with acute leukemia undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND

Letermovir prophylaxis is currently the standard of care for the prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). However, drug-drug interactions between letermovir and azoles or calcineurin inhibitors and the high financial burden of letermovir remain problematic, especially in resource-limited countries. It has not been clarified whether a lower dose of valganciclovir would constitute an effective strategy for CMV prevention in patients with acute leukemia undergoing allo-HSCT.

METHODS

We retrospectively assessed 84 consecutive adult patients with acute leukemia who underwent allo-HSCT. These 84 patients were stratified into a valganciclovir prophylaxis group ( = 20) and a non-valganciclovir prophylaxis group ( = 64).

RESULTS

Patients in the valganciclovir prophylaxis group had a lower possibility of CMV DNAemia at week 14 after allo-HSCT than those in the non-valganciclovir prophylaxis group (15.0% 50.0%;  = 0.012). The cumulative incidence of CMV DNAemia at week 14 was also lower in patients with valganciclovir CMV prophylaxis than in those without (15.0% 50.4%;  = 0.006). Multivariate analysis validated these data, showing that a low dose of valganciclovir significantly reduced the risk of CMV DNAemia at week 14 by 88% (hazard ratio: 0.12; 95% confidence interval: 0.04-0.42;  = 0.001). However, these two groups had similar overall survival rates at week 48 (75.0% 76.6%;  = 0.805). Four of 20 (20%) patients discontinued valganciclovir prophylaxis because of adverse events.

CONCLUSION

Low-dose valganciclovir prophylaxis could be an alternative to letermovir to prevent CMV infection in allo-HSCT, especially in resource-limited countries.