Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021 Mar 1;92(3):190-200. doi: 10.3357/AMHP.5716.2021.
Fatigue is a common problem in aviation. The identification of efficacious fatigue countermeasures is crucial for sustaining flight performance during fatigue-inducing operations. Stimulants are not recommended for consistent use, but are often implemented during flight operations with a high risk of fatigue. As such, it is important to evaluate the efficacy of approved stimulants for sustaining flight performance, alertness, and mood. Four electronic databases (PubMed, PsycInfo, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) were systematically searched to identify research on the effects of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil during simulated or in-flight operations. There were 12 studies identified that assessed the effects of at least 1 stimulant. Overall, dextroamphetamine and modafinil were effective for sustaining flight performance and pilot mood during extended wakefulness. Results with caffeine were inconsistent. Dextroamphetamine and modafinil appear to sustain flight performance and mood during extended wakefulness. However, most studies have used flight simulators and short operation durations. Additional research is needed in realistic settings and during longer duration operations. Caffeines effects were inconsistent across studies, possibly due to differences in study methodology or individual caffeine responses. Despite fatigue being a common problem in civilian aviation as well, only one study in this review included civil aviators. More research should be conducted on the effects of caffeine during civil operations. Dextroamphetamine and modafinil appear to be effective fatigue countermeasures but should be further evaluated in more ecologically valid settings. The effects of caffeine are unclear at this time and should continue to be evaluated.
疲劳是航空领域的一个常见问题。确定有效的疲劳对策对于在引起疲劳的作业中维持飞行性能至关重要。兴奋剂不建议持续使用，但在飞行作业中疲劳风险较高时经常使用。因此，评估批准的兴奋剂在维持飞行性能、警觉性和情绪方面的效果非常重要。系统地检索了四个电子数据库（PubMed、PsycInfo、SPORTDiscus、Web of Science），以确定关于咖啡因、右旋苯丙胺和莫达非尼在模拟或飞行作业中影响的研究。确定了 12 项评估至少一种兴奋剂影响的研究。总的来说，右旋苯丙胺和莫达非尼在延长清醒时间内维持飞行性能和飞行员情绪方面有效。咖啡因的结果不一致。右旋苯丙胺和莫达非尼似乎在延长清醒时间内维持飞行性能和情绪。然而，大多数研究都使用飞行模拟器和较短的作业时间。需要在现实环境中并在更长时间的作业中进行更多的研究。咖啡因的效果在不同的研究中不一致，这可能是由于研究方法或个体咖啡因反应的差异。尽管疲劳也是民用航空中的一个常见问题，但本综述中只有一项研究包括民用飞行员。应该在民用作业中对咖啡因的效果进行更多的研究。右旋苯丙胺和莫达非尼似乎是有效的疲劳对策，但应在更具生态有效性的环境中进一步评估。咖啡因的效果目前尚不清楚，应继续评估。
