School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China.
School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
Environ Pollut. 2021 Jun 15;279:116937. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116937. Epub 2021 Mar 12.
Outdoor and indoor PM samples were simultaneously collected over four seasons (2017-2018) in Caofeidian, China, and analyzed for 15 elements to investigate the characteristics, sources, and health risks of PM-bound metals. Source-specific PM-bound metals were analyzed using positive matrix factorization, combined with the conditional probability function and potential source contribution function model. The health risks were evaluated using the health risk assessment model, which included the exposure parameters of indoor and outdoor activities of Chinese residents. The annual median of PM concentrations (89.68 μg/m) and total metals (2.67 μg/m) from the outdoor samples significantly surpassed that of the indoor samples (51.56 μg/m) and total metals (1.51 μg/m) (P < 0.05). In addition, the indoor/outdoor concentration ratios indicated that most indoor metals mainly originated from outdoor emission sources. In the annual analysis of PM-bound metal sources, this study identified five metal sources: coal combustion, resuspended dust, traffic emissions, fuel combustion sources, and industrial sources, among which industry sources (36.6%) contributed the most. The non-carcinogenic risks of metals for adults (2.81) and children (2.80) all exceed the acceptable non-carcinogenic risk level (1). The non-carcinogenic risk of Mn (1.46 for children, 1.48 for adults) was a key factor in the total non-carcinogenic risk. The total carcinogenic risk of metals for children (3.75 × 10) was above the acceptable level (1.0 × 10) but within the tolerant limit (1.0 × 10), and that for adults (1.48 × 10) was above the tolerant limit. The lifetime carcinogenic risk of Cr had the highest proportion of the total carcinogenic risk for children (87.5%) and adults (87.8%). Our results revealed that both adults and children suffered carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from the PM-bound metals in Caofeidian. The corresponding emission control measures of metals in atmosphere should be considered.
在中国曹妃甸，于四个季节（2017-2018 年）同时采集了室外和室内 PM 样本，并对 15 种元素进行了分析，以研究 PM 结合金属的特征、来源和健康风险。使用正矩阵因子分析（PMF）结合条件概率函数（CPF）和潜在源贡献函数模型（PSCF）对特定来源的 PM 结合金属进行了分析。使用健康风险评估模型（HRAM）评估了健康风险，该模型包括中国居民室内和室外活动的暴露参数。室外样品的 PM 浓度（89.68μg/m）和总金属浓度（2.67μg/m）的年中位数显著高于室内样品（51.56μg/m）和总金属浓度（1.51μg/m）（P<0.05）。此外，室内/室外浓度比表明，大多数室内金属主要来源于室外排放源。在 PM 结合金属源的年分析中，本研究确定了五个金属源：煤炭燃烧、再悬浮粉尘、交通排放、燃料燃烧源和工业源，其中工业源（36.6%）贡献最大。成人（2.81）和儿童（2.80）的金属非致癌风险均超过可接受的非致癌风险水平（1）。Mn 的非致癌风险（儿童为 1.46，成人 1.48）是总非致癌风险的关键因素。儿童金属的总致癌风险（3.75×10）高于可接受水平（1.0×10）但在耐受范围内（1.0×10），成人（1.48×10）高于耐受范围。Cr 的终生致癌风险在儿童（87.5%）和成人（87.8%）的总致癌风险中占比最高。研究结果表明，曹妃甸的 PM 结合金属对成人和儿童都存在致癌和非致癌风险。应考虑采取相应的大气金属排放控制措施。
