Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Dentistry, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
mBio. 2021 Mar 23;12(2):e00294-21. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00294-21.
The oral microbiome is considered an important factor in health and disease. We recently reported significant effects of HIV and several other clinical variables on the oral bacterial communities in a large cohort of HIV-positive and -negative individuals. The purpose of the present study was to similarly analyze the oral mycobiome in the same cohort. To identify fungi, the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the fungal rRNA genes was sequenced using oral rinse samples from 149 HIV-positive and 88 HIV-negative subjects that had previously undergone bacterial amplicon sequencing. Quantitative PCR was performed for total fungal content and total bacterial content. Interestingly, samples often showed predominance of a single fungal species with four major clusters predominated by , , , or Quantitative PCR analysis showed the -dominated sample clusters had significantly higher total fungal abundance than the or species. Of the 25 clinical variables evaluated for potential influences on the oral mycobiome, significant effects were associated with caries status, geographical site of sampling, sex, HIV under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and missing teeth, in rank order of statistical significance. Investigating specific interactions between fungi and bacteria in the samples often showed species positively correlated with or and negatively correlated with , , and Our data suggest that the oral mycobiome, while diverse, is often dominated by a limited number of species per individual; is affected by several clinical variables, including HIV positivity and HAART; and shows genera-specific associations with bacterial groups. The oral microbiome is likely a key element of homeostasis in the oral cavity. With >600 bacterial species and >160 fungal species comprising the oral microbiome, influences on its composition can have an impact on both local and systemic health. We recently reported significant effects of HIV and several other clinical variables on the oral bacterial community in a large cohort of HIV-positive and -negative subjects. We describe here a comprehensive analysis of the oral mycobiome in the same cohort. Similar to the bacterial community, HIV under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) had a significant impact on the mycobiome composition, but with less impact compared to other clinical variables. Additionally, unlike the oral bacterial microbiome, the oral mycobiome is often dominated by a single species with 4 major clusters of fungal communities. Together, these results suggest the oral mycobiome has distinct properties compared with the oral bacterial community, although both are equally impacted by HIV.
口腔微生物组被认为是健康和疾病的重要因素。我们最近报道了 HIV 和其他几种临床变量对大量 HIV 阳性和阴性个体口腔细菌群落的显著影响。本研究的目的是同样分析同一队列中的口腔真菌组。为了鉴定真菌，我们使用先前进行细菌扩增子测序的 149 名 HIV 阳性和 88 名 HIV 阴性个体的口腔冲洗样本，对真菌 rRNA 基因的内部转录间隔区 2（ITS2）进行了测序。进行了定量 PCR 以检测总真菌含量和总细菌含量。有趣的是，样本中经常表现出单一真菌物种的优势，四个主要簇主要由 、 、 或 主导。定量 PCR 分析显示，以 - 为主导的样本簇的总真菌丰度明显高于 或 物种。在评估对口腔真菌组潜在影响的 25 个临床变量中，与龋齿状况、采样地理位置、性别、接受高效抗逆转录病毒治疗 (HAART) 的 HIV 以及缺失牙齿呈正相关，按统计学意义的等级排列。在样本中调查真菌和细菌之间的特定相互作用时，通常显示 物种与 或 呈正相关，与 、 和 呈负相关。我们的数据表明，口腔真菌组虽然多样化，但通常由个体中有限数量的物种主导；受包括 HIV 阳性和 HAART 在内的多种临床变量影响；并与细菌群有特定的属特异性关联。口腔微生物组可能是口腔内动态平衡的关键因素。口腔微生物组包含超过 600 种细菌和超过 160 种真菌，其组成的变化会对局部和全身健康产生影响。我们最近报道了 HIV 和其他几种临床变量对大量 HIV 阳性和阴性个体口腔细菌群落的显著影响。我们在这里描述了对同一队列中口腔真菌组的全面分析。与细菌群落类似，高效抗逆转录病毒治疗 (HAART) 下的 HIV 对真菌群落组成有显著影响，但与其他临床变量相比影响较小。此外，与口腔细菌微生物组不同，口腔真菌组通常由单一物种主导，有 4 个主要真菌群落簇。总的来说，这些结果表明，尽管口腔细菌群落和口腔真菌组都受到 HIV 的同等影响，但口腔真菌组具有与口腔细菌群落不同的特性。
