Wang Biyao, Huang Minghao, Shang Dehao, Yan Xu, Zhao Baohong, Zhang Xinwen
The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China.
Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China.
Front Aging Neurosci. 2021 Mar 8;13:650038. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.650038. eCollection 2021.
Mitochondria are organelles responsible for bioenergetic metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and signal transmission essential for neurons due to their high energy consumption. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that mitochondria play a key role in axon degeneration and regeneration under physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs at an early stage of axon degeneration and involves oxidative stress, energy deficiency, imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics, defects in mitochondrial transport, and mitophagy dysregulation. The restoration of these defective mitochondria by enhancing mitochondrial transport, clearance of reactive oxidative species (ROS), and improving bioenergetic can greatly contribute to axon regeneration. In this paper, we focus on the biological behavior of axonal mitochondria in aging, injury (e.g., traumatic brain and spinal cord injury), and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, AD; Parkinson's disease, PD; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS) and consider the role of mitochondria in axon regeneration. We also compare the behavior of mitochondria in different diseases and outline novel therapeutic strategies for addressing abnormal mitochondrial biological behavior to promote axonal regeneration in neurological diseases and injuries.
线粒体是负责生物能量代谢、钙稳态和信号传递的细胞器，由于神经元能量消耗高，这些功能对神经元至关重要。越来越多的证据表明，线粒体在生理和病理条件下的轴突退变和再生中起关键作用。线粒体功能障碍发生在轴突退变的早期，涉及氧化应激、能量缺乏、线粒体动力学失衡、线粒体运输缺陷和线粒体自噬失调。通过增强线粒体运输、清除活性氧（ROS）和改善生物能量来恢复这些有缺陷的线粒体，可极大地促进轴突再生。在本文中，我们关注轴突线粒体在衰老、损伤（如创伤性脑损伤和脊髓损伤）以及神经退行性疾病（阿尔茨海默病、AD；帕金森病、PD；肌萎缩侧索硬化症、ALS）中的生物学行为，并探讨线粒体在轴突再生中的作用。我们还比较了线粒体在不同疾病中的行为，并概述了针对异常线粒体生物学行为的新型治疗策略，以促进神经疾病和损伤中的轴突再生。
