Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India.
Autophagy Laboratory, Infectious Disease Biology Division, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
Arch Microbiol. 2021 Aug;203(6):2895-2910. doi: 10.1007/s00203-021-02276-9. Epub 2021 Mar 24.
Increasing incidences of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are being reported, but an insight into their pathology remains elusive. Findings have suggested that gut microbiota play a major role in regulating brain functions through the gut-brain axis. A unique bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and maintenance of brain health could play a pivotal role in regulating incidences of neurodegenerative diseases. Contrarily, the present life style with changing food habits and disturbed circadian rhythm may contribute to gut homeostatic imbalance and dysbiosis leading to progression of several neurological disorders. Therefore, dysbiosis, as a primary factor behind intestinal disorders, may also augment inflammation, intestinal and blood-brain barrier permeability through microbiota-gut-brain axis. This review primarily focuses on the gut-brain axis functions, specific gut microbial population, metabolites produced by gut microbiota, their role in regulating various metabolic processes and role of gut microbiota towards development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, several studies have reported a decrease in abundance of a specific gut microbial population and a corresponding increase in other microbial family, with few findings revealing some contradictions. Reports also showed that colonization of gut microbiota isolated from patients suffering from neurodegenerative disease leads to the development of enhance pathological outcomes in animal models. Hence, a systematic understanding of the dominant role of specific gut microbiome towards development of different neurodegenerative diseases could possibly provide novel insight into the use of probiotics and microbial transplantation as a substitute approach for treating/preventing such health maladies.
神经系统疾病（如帕金森病、多发性硬化症、阿尔茨海默病和肌萎缩侧索硬化症）的发病率不断上升，但对其病理机制仍知之甚少。研究结果表明，肠道微生物群通过肠-脑轴在调节大脑功能方面起着重要作用。肠道微生物群和大脑健康之间的独特双向交流可能在调节神经退行性疾病的发病率方面发挥关键作用。相反，目前的生活方式，包括饮食习惯的改变和昼夜节律的紊乱，可能导致肠道内稳态失衡和微生物失调，从而导致多种神经退行性疾病的发生。因此，作为肠道疾病主要因素的微生物失调可能通过微生物-肠-脑轴增加炎症、肠道和血脑屏障通透性。本综述主要关注肠-脑轴的功能、特定的肠道微生物群、肠道微生物群产生的代谢物、它们在调节各种代谢过程中的作用以及肠道微生物群对神经退行性疾病发展的作用。然而，有几项研究报道了特定肠道微生物群丰度的减少和其他微生物家族丰度的相应增加，其中一些发现存在一些矛盾。研究报告还显示，从患有神经退行性疾病的患者中分离出的肠道微生物群的定植会导致动物模型中增强的病理结果。因此，系统地了解特定肠道微生物组在不同神经退行性疾病发展中的主导作用，可能为益生菌和微生物移植作为治疗/预防此类健康疾病的替代方法提供新的见解。
