Bijlsma Lubertus, Picó Yolanda, Andreu Vicente, Celma Alberto, Estévez-Danta Andrea, González-Mariño Iria, Hernández Félix, López de Alda Miren, López-García Ester, Marcé Rosa María, Miró Manuel, Montes Rosa, Pérez de San Román-Landa Unai, Pitarch Elena, Pocurull Eva, Postigo Cristina, Prieto Ailette, Rico Andreu, Rodil Rosario, Valcárcel Yolanda, Ventura Mireia, Quintana José Benito
Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE) joint Research Centre Universitat de Valencia-CSIC-Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jun 10;772:144794. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144794. Epub 2021 Jan 26.
Data obtained from wastewater analysis can provide rapid and complementary insights in illicit drug consumption at community level. Within Europe, Spain is an important country of transit of both cocaine and cannabis. The quantity of seized drugs and prevalence of their use rank Spain at the top of Europe. Hence, the implementation of a wastewater monitoring program at national level would help to get better understanding of spatial differences and trends in use of illicit drugs. In this study, a national wastewater campaign was performed for the first time to get more insight on the consumption of illicit drugs within Spain. The 13 Spanish cities monitored cover approximately 6 million inhabitants (12.8% of the Spanish population). Untreated wastewater samples were analyzed for urinary biomarkers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, and cannabis. In addition, weekend samples were monitored for 17 new psychoactive substances. Cannabis and cocaine are the most consumed drugs in Spain, but geographical variations showed, for instance, comparatively higher levels of methamphetamine in Barcelona and amphetamine in Bilbao, with about 1-fold higher consumption of these two substances in such metropolitan areas. For amphetamine, an enantiomeric profiling was performed in order to assure the results were due to consumption and not to illegal dumping of production residues. Furthermore, different correction factors for the excretion of cannabis were used to compare consumption estimations. All wastewater results were compared with previously reported data, national seizure data and general population survey data, were a reasonable agreement was found. Daily and yearly drug consumption were extrapolated to the entire Spanish population with due precautions because of the uncertainty associated. These data was further used to estimate the retail drug market, where for instance cocaine illicit consumption alone was calculated to contribute to 0.2-0.5% of the Spanish gross domestic product (ca. 3000-6000 million Euro/year).
从废水分析中获得的数据可以为社区层面的非法药物消费提供快速且互补的见解。在欧洲，西班牙是可卡因和大麻的重要过境国。该国查获毒品的数量及其使用的流行程度在欧洲名列前茅。因此，在国家层面实施废水监测计划将有助于更好地了解非法药物使用的空间差异和趋势。在本研究中，首次开展了一项全国性废水监测活动，以更深入了解西班牙境内非法药物的消费情况。所监测的13个西班牙城市覆盖了约600万居民（占西班牙人口的12.8%）。对未经处理的废水样本进行了安非他明、甲基苯丙胺、摇头丸、可卡因和大麻的尿液生物标志物分析。此外，还对周末样本中的17种新型精神活性物质进行了监测。大麻和可卡因是西班牙消费最多的毒品，但地理差异表明，例如，巴塞罗那的甲基苯丙胺水平相对较高，毕尔巴鄂的安非他明水平相对较高，在这些大都市地区，这两种物质的消费量约高出1倍。对于安非他明，进行了对映体分析，以确保结果是由于消费而非生产残渣的非法倾倒所致。此外，还使用了不同的大麻排泄校正因子来比较消费估计值。所有废水监测结果均与先前报告的数据、国家缉获数据和一般人群调查数据进行了比较，发现存在合理的一致性。由于存在不确定性，在采取适当预防措施的情况下，将每日和每年的毒品消费量推算至整个西班牙人口。这些数据进一步用于估算零售毒品市场，例如，仅可卡因的非法消费就被计算为占西班牙国内生产总值的0.2 - 0.5%（约30 - 60亿欧元/年）。
