University of York, United Kingdom.
Cognition. 2021 Jul;212:104682. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104682. Epub 2021 Mar 24.
According to the dual model, outgroup members can be dehumanized by being thought to possess uniquely and characteristically human traits to a lesser extent than ingroup members. However, previous research on this topic has tended to investigate the attribution of human traits that are socially desirable in nature such as warmth, civility and rationality. As a result, it has not yet been possible to determine whether this form of dehumanization is distinct from intergroup preference and stereotyping. We first establish that participants associate undesirable (e.g., corrupt, jealous) as well as desirable (e.g., open-minded, generous) traits with humans. We then go on to show that participants tend to attribute desirable human traits more strongly to ingroup members but undesirable human traits more strongly to outgroup members. This pattern holds across three different intergroup contexts for which dehumanization effects have previously been reported: political opponents, immigrants and criminals. Taken together, these studies cast doubt on the claim that a trait-based account of representing others as 'less human' holds value in the study of intergroup bias.
根据双重模型，与内群体成员相比，人们认为外群体成员具有独特且典型的人类特征，但程度较低，因此可以将他们非人化。然而，之前关于这个主题的研究往往集中于研究归因于具有社会期望的人类特征，例如温暖、礼貌和理性。因此，目前还无法确定这种形式的非人化是否与群体间偏好和刻板印象不同。我们首先确定参与者将不良（例如腐败、嫉妒）和良好（例如思想开放、慷慨）的特征与人类联系起来。然后，我们继续表明，参与者往往更强烈地将良好的人类特征归因于内群体成员，而将不良的人类特征更强烈地归因于外群体成员。这种模式适用于之前报道过的三种不同的群体间背景：政治对手、移民和罪犯。总之，这些研究对将他人描述为“不如人类”的特质描述在群体间偏见研究中具有价值的说法提出了质疑。
