Cho Raymond I, Kahana Alon
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States.
Department of Ophthalmology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan; Consultants in Ophthalmic and Facial Plastic Surgery, P.C., Southfield, Michigan, United States.
J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2021 Feb;82(1):2-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1722630. Epub 2021 Feb 2.
The orbit houses and protects the ocular globe and the supporting structures, and occupies a strategic position below the anterior skull base and adjacent to the paranasal sinuses. Its embryologic origins are inextricably intertwined with those of the central nervous system, skull base, and face. Although the orbit contains important contributions from four germ cell layers (surface ectoderm, neuroectoderm, neural crest, and mesoderm), a significant majority originate from the neural crest cells. The bones of the orbit, face, and anterior cranial vault are mostly neural crest in origin. The majority of the bones of the skull base are formed through endochondral ossification, whereas the cranial vault is formed through intramembranous ossification. Familiarity with the embryology and fetal development of the orbit can aid in understanding its anatomy, as well as many developmental anomalies and pathologic conditions that affect the orbit.
眼眶容纳并保护眼球及支持结构，位于前颅底下方且毗邻鼻窦，占据着重要的战略位置。其胚胎起源与中枢神经系统、颅底和面部紧密相连。尽管眼眶包含来自四个胚层（表面外胚层、神经外胚层、神经嵴和中胚层）的重要成分，但绝大多数起源于神经嵴细胞。眼眶、面部和前颅顶的骨骼大多起源于神经嵴。颅底的大部分骨骼通过软骨内成骨形成，而颅顶则通过膜内成骨形成。熟悉眼眶的胚胎学和胎儿发育有助于理解其解剖结构，以及许多影响眼眶的发育异常和病理状况。
