Kuzan Aleksandra
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław 50-368, Poland.
Biomed Rep. 2021 May;14(5):46. doi: 10.3892/br.2021.1422. Epub 2021 Mar 18.
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids glycated nonenzymatically by glucose, or other reducing sugars and their derivatives, such as glyceraldehyde, glycolaldehyde, methyloglyoxal and acetaldehyde. There are three different means of AGE formation: i) Maillard reactions, the polyol pathway and lipid peroxidation. AGEs participate in the pathological mechanisms underlying the development of several diseases, such as diabetes and its complications, retinopathy or neuropathy, neurological disorders (for example, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease), atherosclerosis, hypertension and several types of cancer. AGE levels are increased in patients with hyperglycaemia, and is likely the result of the high concentration of glycation substrates circulating in the blood. The present review summarises the formation and nomenclature of advanced glycation end-products, with an emphasis on the role of AGEs in the development of diabetes, neurological disorders, as well as in cancer and other pathologies. A particular focus is placed on the functions of toxic AGEs. Additionally, studies which have shown the cytotoxicity of glycated albumin and other AGEs are also discussed. Finally, the diagnostic relevance of AGEs as well as for targeting in therapeutic strategies are highlighted.
晚期糖基化终末产物（AGEs）是由葡萄糖或其他还原糖及其衍生物（如甘油醛、乙醇醛、甲基乙二醛和乙醛）非酶糖基化的蛋白质或脂质。AGEs的形成有三种不同方式：i）美拉德反应、多元醇途径和脂质过氧化。AGEs参与多种疾病发生发展的病理机制，如糖尿病及其并发症、视网膜病变或神经病变、神经障碍（例如帕金森病和阿尔茨海默病）、动脉粥样硬化、高血压以及多种类型的癌症。高血糖患者体内的AGE水平会升高，这可能是血液中循环的糖基化底物浓度过高所致。本综述总结了晚期糖基化终末产物的形成和命名，重点阐述了AGEs在糖尿病、神经障碍以及癌症和其他病症发生发展中的作用。特别关注了有毒AGEs的功能。此外，还讨论了显示糖化白蛋白和其他AGEs具有细胞毒性的研究。最后，强调了AGEs在诊断方面的相关性以及在治疗策略中的靶向作用。
