Heck Kaysha, Zeppieri Giorgio, Bruner Michelle, Moser Michael, Farmer Kevin W, Pozzi Federico
Four Pines Physical Therapy, Jackson, Wyoming, USA.
Department of Rehabilitation, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
Orthop J Sports Med. 2021 Jan 20;9(1):2325967120977090. doi: 10.1177/2325967120977090. eCollection 2021 Jan.
Gymnastics is a demanding sport that places unique forces on the upper extremity. The repetitive nature of the sport and the high-impact forces involved may predispose the gymnast to overuse injuries. Risk factors for injuries in gymnastics are not well understood.
PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether preseason upper extremity range of motion (ROM) and strength differ between National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I collegiate gymnasts who sustain an in-season upper extremity injury and those who do not. We hypothesized that gymnasts who sustain an upper extremity injury would demonstrate reduced ROM and strength compared with noninjured gymnasts.
Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.
Over 4 seasons, from 2014 to 2018, a total of 15 female NCAA Division I collegiate gymnasts underwent preseason upper extremity ROM (shoulder: flexion, internal and external rotation; elbow: extension; wrist: extension) and strength (shoulder: internal and external rotation, and middle and lower trapezius) testing. Overuse upper extremity injuries were tracked in each subsequent season. Gymnasts were dichotomized into injured and noninjured groups, and a 2 × 2 analysis of variance was used to measure differences in preseason measures between the groups as well as within arms (injured vs noninjured arm for the injured group; dominant vs nondominant arm for the noninjured group).
A total of 12 overuse upper extremity injuries (10 shoulders; 2 wristforearm) occurred during 31 gymnast-seasons. There were no significant interactions for preseason ROM and strength measurements between groups (injured vs noninjured) or within arms (injured and noninjured arm for the injured group; dominant and nondominant arm for the noninjured group; = .07).
Preseason upper extremity ROM and strength were not different between gymnasts who sustained an in-season upper extremity overuse injury and those who did not. It is possible that ROM and strength measures used to screen other overhead athletes may not capture the unique features and requirements of gymnastics. Further, it may be challenging to discern differences in clinical measures of ROM and strength in gymnastics populations owing to the bilateral nature of the sport.
体操是一项要求极高的运动，会给上肢带来独特的受力情况。这项运动的重复性以及所涉及的高冲击力可能使体操运动员易患过度使用损伤。目前对体操运动中损伤的风险因素了解尚不充分。
目的/假设：本研究的目的是确定在赛季中发生上肢损伤的美国国家大学体育协会（NCAA）一级联盟大学体操运动员与未发生损伤的运动员在季前赛上肢活动范围（ROM）和力量方面是否存在差异。我们假设与未受伤的体操运动员相比，发生上肢损伤的体操运动员的ROM和力量会降低。
队列研究；证据等级，3级。
在2014年至2018年的4个赛季中，共有15名NCAA一级联盟大学女子体操运动员接受了季前赛上肢ROM（肩部：前屈、内旋和外旋；肘部：伸展；腕部：伸展）和力量（肩部：内旋和外旋，以及中斜方肌和下斜方肌）测试。在随后的每个赛季中跟踪上肢过度使用损伤情况。将体操运动员分为受伤组和未受伤组，并采用2×2方差分析来测量两组之间以及手臂内部（受伤组的受伤手臂与未受伤手臂；未受伤组的优势手臂与非优势手臂）季前赛测量指标的差异。
在31个运动员赛季中，共发生了12例上肢过度使用损伤（10例肩部；2例腕部/前臂）。两组之间（受伤组与未受伤组）或手臂内部（受伤组的受伤手臂与未受伤手臂；未受伤组的优势手臂与非优势手臂）在季前赛ROM和力量测量方面均无显著交互作用（P = 0.07）。
在赛季中发生上肢过度使用损伤的体操运动员与未发生损伤的体操运动员在季前赛上肢ROM和力量方面并无差异。用于筛查其他过头运动项目运动员的ROM和力量测量方法可能无法体现体操运动的独特特征和要求。此外，由于体操运动的双侧性，要辨别体操人群中ROM和力量的临床测量差异可能具有挑战性。
