Bray Rafał Tytus, Jankowska Katarzyna, Kulbat Eliza, Łuczkiewicz Aneta, Sokołowska Aleksandra
Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
Membranes (Basel). 2021 Mar 20;11(3):221. doi: 10.3390/membranes11030221.
The paper presents the results of research on the use of ultrafiltration, using membranes of 200 and 400 kDa separation, for disinfection of municipal treated wastewater. The research was conducted on a fractional technical scale using real municipal treated wastewater from two large wastewater treatment plants treating most of the wastewater over the one-million polycentric Gdańsk agglomeration (1.2 million inhabitants). UF 200 kDa and UF 400 kDa processes enabled further improvement of the physical and chemical parameters of treated wastewater. Total phosphorus (to below 0.2 mg/L-UF 200 kDa, 0.13 mg/L-UF 400 kDa) and turbid substances (to below 0.2 mg/L, both membranes) were removed in the highest degree. COD was reduced efficiently (to below 25.6 mgO/L-UF 200 kDa, 26.8 mgO/L-UF 400 kDa), while total nitrogen was removed to a small extent (to 7.12 mg/L-UF 200 kDa and 5.7 mg/L-UF 400 kDa. Based on the reduction of indicator bacteria; including (FC) and (FE) it was found that the ultrafiltration is an effective method of disinfection. Not much indicator bacterial were observed in the permeate after processes (UF 200 kDa; FC-5 CFU/L; FE-1 CFU/L and UF 400 kDa; FC-70 CFU/L; FE-10 CFU/L. However, microscopic analysis of prokaryotic cells and virus particles showed their presence after the application of both membrane types; TCN 3.0 × 10 cells/mL-UF 200 kDa, 5.0 × 10 cells/mL-UF 400 kDa, VP 1.0 × 10/mL. The presence of potentially pathogenic, highly infectious virus particles means that ultrafiltration cannot be considered a sufficient disinfection method for treated wastewater diverted for reuse or discharged from high load wastewater treatment plants to recreational areas. For full microbiological safety it would be advisable to apply an additional disinfection method (e.g., ozonation).
本文介绍了使用截留分子量为200 kDa和400 kDa的膜进行超滤处理城市二级处理废水消毒的研究结果。该研究在中试规模上进行，使用了来自两个大型污水处理厂的实际城市二级处理废水，这两个污水处理厂处理了超过100万人口的多中心格但斯克城市群（120万居民）的大部分废水。UF 200 kDa和UF 400 kDa工艺能够进一步改善处理后废水的物理和化学参数。总磷（降至0.2 mg/L以下 - UF 200 kDa，0.13 mg/L - UF 400 kDa）和浑浊物质（降至0.2 mg/L以下，两种膜均如此）的去除程度最高。COD有效降低（降至25.6 mgO/L以下 - UF 200 kDa，26.8 mgO/L - UF 400 kDa），而总氮去除程度较小（降至7.12 mg/L - UF 200 kDa和5.7 mg/L - UF 400 kDa）。基于指示菌的减少，包括总大肠菌群（FC）和粪大肠菌群（FE），发现超滤是一种有效的消毒方法。处理后渗透液中观察到的指示菌不多（UF 200 kDa；FC - 5 CFU/L；FE - 1 CFU/L和UF 400 kDa；FC - 70 CFU/L；FE - 10 CFU/L）。然而，对原核细胞和病毒颗粒的显微镜分析表明，两种膜类型应用后它们均存在；UF 200 kDa时TCN为3.0×10⁶个细胞/mL，UF 400 kDa时为5.0×10⁶个细胞/mL，VP为1.0×10⁵个/mL。潜在致病性、高传染性病毒颗粒的存在意味着超滤不能被视为用于回用或从高负荷污水处理厂排放到娱乐区域的处理后废水的充分消毒方法。为实现完全的微生物安全性，建议采用额外的消毒方法（如臭氧氧化）。
