Hage Hayat, Rosso Marie-Noëlle
INRAE, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, F-13009 Marseille, France.
J Fungi (Basel). 2021 Mar 5;7(3):185. doi: 10.3390/jof7030185.
The postindustrial era is currently facing two ecological challenges. First, the rise in global temperature, mostly caused by the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO) in the atmosphere, and second, the inability of the environment to absorb the waste of human activities. Fungi are valuable levers for both a reduction in CO emissions, and the improvement of a circular economy with the optimized valorization of plant waste and biomass. Soil fungi may promote plant growth and thereby increase CO assimilation via photosynthesis or, conversely, they may prompt the decomposition of dead organic matter, and thereby contribute to CO emissions. The strategies that fungi use to cope with plant-cell-wall polymers and access the saccharides that they use as a carbon source largely rely on the secretion of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). In the past few years, comparative genomics and phylogenomics coupled with the functional characterization of CAZymes significantly improved the understanding of their evolution in fungal genomes, providing a framework for the design of nature-inspired enzymatic catalysts. Here, we provide an overview of the diversity of CAZyme enzymatic systems employed by fungi that exhibit different substrate preferences, different ecologies, or belong to different taxonomical groups for lignocellulose degradation.
后工业时代目前正面临着两个生态挑战。其一，全球气温上升，主要是由大气中二氧化碳（CO）的积累所致；其二，环境无法吸收人类活动产生的废弃物。真菌是减少CO排放以及通过优化植物废弃物和生物质的增值来改善循环经济的重要手段。土壤真菌可能促进植物生长，从而通过光合作用增加CO同化，或者相反，它们可能促使死有机物分解，从而导致CO排放。真菌用于处理植物细胞壁聚合物并获取用作碳源的糖类的策略很大程度上依赖于碳水化合物活性酶（CAZymes）的分泌。在过去几年中，比较基因组学和系统发育基因组学与CAZymes的功能表征相结合，显著增进了我们对其在真菌基因组中进化的理解，为设计受自然启发的酶催化剂提供了框架。在此，我们概述了真菌所采用的CAZyme酶系统的多样性，这些真菌在木质纤维素降解方面表现出不同的底物偏好、不同的生态或属于不同的分类群。
