Department of Plant Sciences, Qwaqwa Campus, University of the Free State, Phuthadithjaba 9866, South Africa.
Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
Biomolecules. 2021 Mar 16;11(3):436. doi: 10.3390/biom11030436.
3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) belongs to a family of indole glucosinolate compounds that have been shown to improve growth through the modulation of reactive oxygen species when applied exogenously. The cultivar AV Garnet was previously identified as a vanadium-sensitive cultivar. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether exogenous DIM could improve the vanadium tolerance of AV Garnet. We performed the following experiments: seed germination assessment, dry weight assessment, cell viability assay, chlorophyll content assay, malondialdehyde (MDA) assay, conjugated diene (CD) content assay, hydrogen peroxide (HO) content assay, superoxide (O) content determination, methylglyoxal (MG) content determination, hydroxyl radical (OH) concentration determination, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity assay, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay, glyoxalase I (Gly I) activity assay, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity assay and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis for vanadium content determination. Under vanadium stress, exogenous DIM increased the seed germination percentage, shoot dry weight, cell viability and chlorophyll content. Exogenous DIM also led to a decrease in MDA, CD, HO, O, MG and OH, under vanadium stress in the shoots. Furthermore, DIM application led to an increase in the enzymatic activities of APX, SOD, Gly I and GST under vanadium stress. Interestingly, under vanadium stress, DIM treatment did not alter vanadium content in shoots. Our results indicate that exogenous application of DIM can improve seedling shoot growth and biomass under vanadium stress by priming the antioxidant enzymes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling.
3,3'-二吲哚甲烷（DIM）属于吲哚芥子油苷化合物家族，当外源性应用时，通过调节活性氧可以改善生长。AV Garnet 品种以前被鉴定为对钒敏感的品种。因此，在这项研究中，我们研究了外源性 DIM 是否可以提高 AV Garnet 的钒耐受性。我们进行了以下实验：种子发芽评估、干重评估、细胞活力测定、叶绿素含量测定、丙二醛（MDA）测定、共轭二烯（CD）含量测定、过氧化氢（HO）含量测定、超氧化物（O）含量测定、甲基乙二醛（MG）含量测定、羟基自由基（OH）浓度测定、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性测定、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性测定、甘油醛酶 I（Gly I）活性测定、谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶（GST）活性测定和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-OES）分析用于测定钒含量。在钒胁迫下，外源性 DIM 增加了种子发芽率、茎干重、细胞活力和叶绿素含量。外源性 DIM 还导致 MDA、CD、HO、O、MG 和 OH 在茎中钒胁迫下的含量降低。此外，DIM 应用在钒胁迫下导致 APX、SOD、Gly I 和 GST 的酶活性增加。有趣的是，在钒胁迫下，DIM 处理不会改变茎中的钒含量。我们的结果表明，外源性 DIM 的应用可以通过活性氧（ROS）信号途径引发抗氧化酶来提高钒胁迫下幼苗茎生长和生物量。
