The Water Laboratory, P.O. Box 734, 2003 RS Haarlem, the Netherlands.
Department Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Environ Int. 2021 Aug;153:106536. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106536. Epub 2021 Apr 1.
The quality of surface waters is threatened by pollution with low concentrations of bioactive chemicals, among which those interfering with steroid hormone systems. Induced by reports of anti-progestogenic activity in surface waters, a two-year four-weekly survey of (anti-)progestogenic activity was performed at three surface water locations in the Netherlands that serve as abstraction points for the production of drinking water. As certain endogenous and synthetic progestogenic compounds are also potent (anti-)androgens, these activities were also investigated. Anti-progestogenic and anti-androgenic activities were detected in the majority of the monitoring samples, sometimes in concentrations exceeding effect-based trigger values, indicating the need for further research. To characterize the compounds responsible for the activities, a high resolution Effect-Directed Analysis (hr-EDA) panel was combined with PR and AR CALUX bioassays, performed in agonistic and antagonistic modes. The influent and effluent of a domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were included as effluent is a possible emission source of active compounds. As drivers for androgenic and progestogenic activities several native and synthetic steroid hormones were identified in the WWTP samples, namely androstenedione, testosterone, DHT, levonorgestrel and cyproterone acetate. The pesticides metolachlor and cyazofamid were identified as contributors to both the anti-progestogenic and anti-androgenic activities in surface water. In addition, epiconazole contributed to the anti-progestogenic activities in the rivers Rhine and Enclosed Meuse. This study showed the strength of hr-EDA for the identification of bioactive compounds in environmental samples and shed light on the drivers of (anti-)progestogenic and (anti-)androgenic activities in the aquatic environment.
地表水中的水质受到低浓度生物活性化学物质的污染威胁，其中包括那些干扰甾体激素系统的物质。由于报道称地表水中存在抗孕激素活性，因此在荷兰的三个地表水取水点进行了为期两年、每四周一次的（抗）孕激素活性调查。由于某些内源性和合成孕激素化合物也是有效的（抗）雄激素，因此也对这些活性进行了研究。在大多数监测样本中都检测到了抗孕激素和抗雄激素活性，有时浓度超过基于效应的触发值，表明需要进一步研究。为了表征导致这些活性的化合物，采用高分辨率效应导向分析（hr-EDA）面板结合 PR 和 AR CALUX 生物测定法，以激动剂和拮抗剂模式进行检测。将生活污水处理厂（WWTP）的进水和出水包括在内，因为废水是活性化合物的可能排放源。作为雄激素和孕激素活性的驱动因素，在 WWTP 样本中鉴定出几种天然和合成甾体激素，即雄烯二酮、睾酮、二氢睾酮、左炔诺孕酮和醋酸环丙孕酮。农药甲草氯和氰霜唑被鉴定为地表水中抗孕激素和抗雄激素活性的贡献者。此外，表苯唑还导致莱茵河和封闭默兹河的抗孕激素活性。这项研究表明了 hr-EDA 用于鉴定环境样品中生物活性化合物的优势，并揭示了水生环境中（抗）孕激素和（抗）雄激素活性的驱动因素。
