Institute for General Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
Institute for General Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
Res Vet Sci. 2021 May;136:430-443. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.03.015. Epub 2021 Mar 19.
Gait analysis as subjective visual assessment forms the foundation of the veterinarian's lameness examination. Pelvic limb lameness is frequently seen in dogs and the stifle joint with its cruciate ligaments, is a main cause of lameness due to cruciate ligament deficiency. In this study, we developed an open-source three-dimensional musculoskeletal pelvic limb model of a 30 kg Labrador Retriever including cruciate ligaments, simulating the gait cycle of the walking movement with the open-source programs NMSBuilder (Institutio Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy) and OpenSim (National Center for Simulation in Rehabilitation Research (NCSRR), Stanford, CA, USA). The computer model generated muscle activations based on motion data. The computed activations were similar to experimental electromyogram data. Highest joint torque was in extension/flexion in the stifle joint at 54 Nm at 14% of the gait cycle with cruciate ligaments. Highest stifle joint reaction force was 408 N at 16% of the gait cycle and was reduced after adding cruciate ligaments. Especially the cranial cruciate ligament loads up to 102 N (34% body weight). Cranial cruciate ligament forces increase with stifle extension and decrease with stifle flexion. On the contrary, the caudal cruciate ligament loads up to 27 N (9% body weight) during the swing phase with a flexed stifle joint. The model was validated with electromyogram data. The model's predictions are plausible because joint torques and forces match the applied ground reaction forces in curve progression and in timing. This model forms a basis for further investigations into stifle surgery after cruciate ligament deficiency.
步态分析作为兽医跛行检查的主观视觉评估形式，是基础。犬常发生骨盆肢跛行，而膝关节及其十字韧带是由于十字韧带缺失导致跛行的主要原因。在这项研究中，我们开发了一个开源的 30 公斤 Labrador Retriever 的三维肌肉骨骼骨盆肢模型，包括十字韧带，使用开源程序 NMSBuilder（意大利博洛尼亚的 Instituto Ortopedico Rizzoli）和 OpenSim（美国斯坦福的国家康复研究中心模拟部（NCSRR））模拟行走运动的步态周期。计算机模型根据运动数据生成肌肉激活。计算出的激活与实验肌电图数据相似。在有十字韧带的情况下，在步态周期的 14%处，膝关节的屈伸运动达到 54Nm 的最大关节扭矩。在步态周期的 16%处，膝关节的最大反应力为 408N，添加十字韧带后会降低。特别是前十字韧带的负荷高达 102N（34%体重）。前十字韧带的力随膝关节伸展而增加，随膝关节弯曲而减小。相反，在膝关节弯曲的摆动阶段，后十字韧带的负荷高达 27N（9%体重）。该模型使用肌电图数据进行了验证。由于关节扭矩和力与曲线进展和时间内的施加地面反作用力相匹配，因此模型的预测是合理的。该模型为进一步研究十字韧带缺失后的膝关节手术提供了基础。
