Dash Priyanka, Mohapatra Subhashree, Ghosh Sayantan, Nayak Bismita
Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India.
Front Pharmacol. 2021 Feb 26;11:590154. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590154. eCollection 2020.
The emergence of highly virulent CoVs (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of novel ongoing "COVID-19" pandemics has been marked as an alarming case of pneumonia posing a large global healthcare crisis of unprecedented magnitude. Currently, the COVID-19 outbreak has fueled an international demand in the biomedical field for the mitigation of the fast-spreading illness, all through the urgent deployment of safe, effective, and rational therapeutic strategies along with epidemiological control. Confronted with such contagious respiratory distress, the global population has taken significant steps towards a more robust strategy of containment and quarantine to halt the total number of positive cases but such a strategy can only delay the spread. A substantial number of potential vaccine candidates are undergoing multiple clinical trials to combat COVID-19 disease, includes live-attenuated, inactivated, viral-vectored based, sub-unit vaccines, DNA, mRNA, peptide, adjuvant, plant, and nanoparticle-based vaccines. However, there are no licensed anti-COVID-19 drugs/therapies or vaccines that have proven to work as more effective therapeutic candidates in open-label clinical trial studies. To counteract the infection (SARS-CoV-2), many people are under prolonged treatment of many chemical drugs that inhibit the PLpro activity (Ribavirin), viral proteases (Lopinavir/Ritonavir), RdRp activity (Favipiravir, Remdesivir), viral membrane fusion (Umifenovir, Chloroquine phosphate (CQ), Hydroxychloroquine phosphate (HCQ), IL-6 overexpression (Tocilizumab, Siltuximab, Sarilumab). Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy and Convalescent Plasma Therapy have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 virion. On the other hand, repurposing previously designed antiviral agents with tolerable safety profile and efficacy could be the only promising approach and fast response to the novel virion. In addition, research institutions and corporations have commenced the redesign of the available therapeutic strategy to manage the global crisis. Herein, we present succinct information on selected anti-COVID-19 therapeutic medications repurposed to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, this review will provide exhaustive detail on recent prophylactic strategies and ongoing clinical trials to curb this deadly pandemic, outlining the major therapeutic areas for researchers to step in.
高致病性冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）的出现，即当前正在发生的新型“COVID-19”大流行的病原体，已被视为肺炎的一个惊人案例，引发了一场前所未有的大规模全球医疗危机。目前，COVID-19疫情激发了生物医学领域对减轻这种快速传播疾病的国际需求，这一切都通过紧急部署安全、有效且合理的治疗策略以及流行病学控制来实现。面对这种传染性呼吸窘迫，全球民众已采取重大措施，制定更有力的遏制和隔离策略，以阻止阳性病例总数的增加，但这种策略只能延缓传播。大量潜在的候选疫苗正在进行多项临床试验以对抗COVID-19疾病，包括减毒活疫苗、灭活疫苗、基于病毒载体的疫苗、亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗、mRNA疫苗、肽疫苗、佐剂疫苗、植物疫苗和基于纳米颗粒的疫苗。然而，在开放标签临床试验研究中，尚无已获许可的抗COVID-19药物/疗法或疫苗被证明是更有效的治疗候选药物。为了对抗感染（SARS-CoV-2），许多人正在长期接受多种化学药物治疗，这些药物可抑制PLpro活性（利巴韦林）、病毒蛋白酶（洛匹那韦/利托那韦）、RdRp活性（法匹拉韦、瑞德西韦）、病毒膜融合（乌米芬诺韦、磷酸氯喹、磷酸羟氯喹）、IL-6过表达（托珠单抗、西妥昔单抗、萨瑞鲁单抗）。间充质干细胞疗法和恢复期血浆疗法已成为对抗SARS-CoV-2病毒粒子的一种有前景的治疗策略。另一方面，重新利用先前设计的具有可耐受安全性和疗效的抗病毒药物可能是应对这种新型病毒粒子的唯一有前景的方法和快速反应。此外，研究机构和公司已开始重新设计可用的治疗策略以应对全球危机。在此，我们简要介绍一些重新用于对抗SARS-CoV-2感染的抗COVID-19治疗药物的信息。最后，本综述将详细介绍近期的预防策略和正在进行的临床试验，以遏制这场致命的大流行，概述研究人员可介入的主要治疗领域。
