School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
Parasitol Res. 2021 Dec;120(12):4113-4123. doi: 10.1007/s00436-021-07121-y. Epub 2021 Apr 5.
Tunga penetrans, Tunga trimamillata and Tunga hexalobulata are the three species of sand fleas which cause tungiasis in domestic animals. Tunga penetrans and T. trimamillata are zoonotic in the tropical and sub-tropical endemic communities of Latin America and Africa. Tungiasis in animals frequently occurs alongside human tungiasis. Currently, most of the attention given to tungiasis is focusing on the human disease, and animal tungiasis is extremely neglected despite its public health and animal health significance. This review highlights recent findings concerning the clinical implications and treatment options but also summarises the occurrence, major features, public health and economic significance of tungiasis in domestic animals. Pigs, dogs, cats and domestic ruminants have been reported to harbour high intensities of sand fleas in endemic communities. High infection intensities cause significant animal morbidity which is often exacerbated by excoriations and secondary bacterial infections which are potentially fatal. In addition to the potential economic losses accruing from tungiasis-related morbidity, infected domestic animals contribute to transmission and persistence of sand fleas and eventually also to severe human disease. Although control of animal tungiasis is possible by adoption of proper husbandry practices, affected communities may not afford the resources required to implement them. Also, there are no widely acceptable and affordable insecticides for treatment of tungiasis in animals. Extension services aiming at increasing awareness on tungiasis and its control should be intensified. Also, available commercial insecticides should be evaluated for therapeutic and prophylactic properties against animal tungiasis.
穿孔蚋、三棘刺股蚋和六刺股蚋是引起动物侵袭性毛囊虫病的三种沙蚤。穿孔蚋和三棘刺股蚋在拉丁美洲和非洲的热带和亚热带流行地区具有动物源性。动物侵袭性毛囊虫病常与人类侵袭性毛囊虫病同时发生。目前，大多数对侵袭性毛囊虫病的关注都集中在人类疾病上，尽管动物侵袭性毛囊虫病对公共卫生和动物健康具有重要意义，但却被严重忽视。本综述重点介绍了最近关于临床意义和治疗选择的发现，但也总结了家畜侵袭性毛囊虫病的发生、主要特征、公共卫生和经济意义。报告称，在流行地区，猪、狗、猫和家养反刍动物身上有大量的沙蚤。高感染强度会导致动物发病率显著增加，而搔抓和继发细菌感染则会使发病率恶化，甚至可能致命。除了与侵袭性毛囊虫病相关的发病率造成的潜在经济损失外，受感染的家畜还会助长沙蚤的传播和持续存在，并最终导致严重的人类疾病。尽管通过采用适当的饲养管理措施可以控制动物侵袭性毛囊虫病，但受影响的社区可能无法承担实施这些措施所需的资源。此外，也没有广泛可接受和负担得起的杀虫剂用于治疗动物侵袭性毛囊虫病。应加强旨在提高对侵袭性毛囊虫病及其控制的认识的推广服务。还应评估现有商业杀虫剂对动物侵袭性毛囊虫病的治疗和预防作用。
