Ewbank Ana Carolina, Esperón Fernando, Sacristán Carlos, Sacristán Irene, Neves Elena, Costa-Silva Samira, Antonelli Marzia, Rocha Lorenço Janaina, Kolesnikovas Cristiane K M, Catão-Dias José Luiz
Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Group of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Animal Health Research Centre (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Mar 22;8:651781. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.651781. eCollection 2021.
Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are environmental pollutants and anthropization indicators. We evaluated human interference in the marine ecosystem through the ocurrence and quantification (real-time PCRs) of 21 plasmid-mediated ARGs in enema samples of 25 wild seabirds, upon admission into rehabilitation: kelp gull ( = 14) and Magellanic penguin ( = 11). Overall, higher resistance values were observed in kelp gulls (non-migratory coastal synanthropic) in comparison with Magellanic penguins (migratory pelagic non-synanthropic). There were significant differences between species (respectively, kelp gull and Magellanic penguin): ARGs occurrence ( [ = 0.032]; M [ = 0.015]; A [ = 0.003]; and II [ = 0.007]), mean number of ARGs per sample ( = 0.031), ARGs mean load percentage (A [ = 0.045], A [ = 0.031], M [ = 0.016], [ = 0.032], II [ = 0.008]), percentage of genes conferring resistance to an antimicrobial class (betalactams [ = 0.036] and sulfonamides [ = 0.033]), mean number of genes conferring resistance to one or more antimicrobial classes ( = 0.024]), percentage of multiresistant microbiomes ( = 0.032), and clustering ( = 0.006). These differences are likely due to these species' contrasting biology and ecology - key factors in the epidemiology of ARGs in seabirds. Additionally, this is the first report of A in seabirds in the Americas. Further studies are necessary to clarify the occurrence and diversity of ARGs in seabirds, and their role as potential sources of infection and dispersal within the One Health chain of ARGs.
抗菌耐药基因（ARGs）是环境污染物和人类活动影响指标。我们通过对25只野生海鸟康复入院时的灌肠样本中21种质粒介导的ARGs进行检测（实时荧光定量PCR），评估了人类对海洋生态系统的干扰，这些海鸟包括南极鸬鹚（14只）和麦哲伦企鹅（11只）。总体而言，与麦哲伦企鹅（迁徙性远洋非伴人动物）相比，南极鸬鹚（非迁徙性沿海伴人动物）的耐药值更高。物种之间存在显著差异（分别为南极鸬鹚和麦哲伦企鹅）：ARGs的检出率（A [P = 0.032]；M [P = 0.015]；A [P = 0.003]；II [P = 0.007]）、每个样本中ARGs的平均数量（P = 0.031）、ARGs的平均负载百分比（A [P = 0.045]，A [P = 0.031]，M [P = 0.016]，A [P = 0.032]，II [P = 0.008]）、对某类抗菌药物具有耐药性的基因百分比（β-内酰胺类 [P = 0.036] 和磺胺类 [P = 0.033]）、对一种或多种抗菌药物具有耐药性的基因平均数量（P = 0.024）、多重耐药微生物群落的百分比（P = 0.032）以及聚类（P = 0.006）。这些差异可能是由于这些物种在生物学和生态学上的差异所致，而这是海鸟中ARGs流行病学的关键因素。此外，这是美洲海鸟中A的首次报道。有必要进一步研究以阐明海鸟中ARGs的发生情况和多样性，以及它们在ARGs的“同一健康”链中作为潜在感染源和传播源的作用。
