Kaplánová Adriana
Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Front Psychol. 2021 Mar 24;12:601812. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.601812. eCollection 2021.
The precompetitive, competitive, and postcompetitive mental states of athletes are currently not sufficiently researched. Long-term exposure to stressors contributes to the formation of mental blocks and leads to various health problems. One of the factors that can explain the variability of athletes' reactions to stress is their personality. This study is the first to examine competitive anxiety, and guilt and shame proneness in the context of the reaction of football players to distress in sports. The study consists of 112 male football players aged 16-24 (21.00 ± 1.90) who were divided into type D and non-type D football players according to scoring on the Denollet Scale (DS14). Football players also filled out the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS-2) and the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale (GASP). The taxonomic approach was conducted to test and to examine differences in stressor intensity as a function of type D personality. A correlation, multivariate analysis of variance, and regression analysis were performed in the study. We found that type D football players were more afraid of failures in sports (worry), felt more often autonomous excitement concentrated in the stomach and muscles (somatic anxiety), and showed more frequent concentration disruption than did non-type D football players. We also found that although type D football players were more likely to rate their behavior as negative and inappropriate, they showed a much greater effort to correct it than did non-type D football players. Negative affectivity and social inhibition of type D football players were positively correlated with competitive anxiety. In addition, we noted lower levels of somatic anxiety and lower concentration disruption for football players who used escape strategies to manage stress. The shame proneness subscale monitoring negative self-evaluation was also closely related to the concentration disruption of football players. We found that the examination of athletes by type D personality is necessary due to the fact that negative affectivity and social inhibition are significant predictors of competitive anxiety of football players, which explains their worries at 24.0%, somatic anxiety at 8.2%, and concentration disruption at 10.6%.
目前，对于运动员赛前、赛中和赛后的心理状态研究尚不充分。长期暴露于压力源会导致心理障碍的形成，并引发各种健康问题。能够解释运动员对压力反应差异的因素之一是他们的个性。本研究首次在足球运动员对运动压力的反应背景下，考察了竞争焦虑、内疚感和羞耻感倾向。该研究由112名年龄在16 - 24岁（21.00 ± 1.90）的男性足球运动员组成，他们根据德诺莱特量表（DS14）的得分被分为D型和非D型足球运动员。足球运动员还填写了运动焦虑量表（SAS - 2）和内疚与羞耻感倾向量表（GASP）。采用分类学方法来测试和检验作为D型人格函数的压力源强度差异。研究中进行了相关性分析、多变量方差分析和回归分析。我们发现，D型足球运动员比非D型足球运动员更害怕在运动中失败（担忧），更常感到集中在胃部和肌肉的自主兴奋（躯体焦虑），并且注意力分散更为频繁。我们还发现，尽管D型足球运动员更倾向于将自己的行为评为负面和不适当，但他们比非D型足球运动员更努力地去纠正。D型足球运动员的消极情感和社交抑制与竞争焦虑呈正相关。此外，我们注意到，采用逃避策略应对压力的足球运动员的躯体焦虑水平较低，注意力分散程度也较低。监测负面自我评价的羞耻感倾向子量表也与足球运动员的注意力分散密切相关。我们发现，根据D型人格对运动员进行考察是必要的，因为消极情感和社交抑制是足球运动员竞争焦虑的重要预测因素，这解释了他们24.0%的担忧、8.2%的躯体焦虑和10.6%的注意力分散。
