Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Campus Merelbeke, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Environ Sci Technol. 2021 May 4;55(9):6184-6196. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00995. Epub 2021 Apr 12.
To date, few studies have examined the role of sea spray aerosols (SSAs) in human exposure to harmful and beneficial marine compounds. Two groups of phycotoxins (brevetoxins and ovatoxins) have been reported to induce respiratory syndromes during harmful algal blooms. The aerosolization and coastal air concentrations of other common marine phycotoxins have, however, never been examined. This study provides the first (experimental) evidence and characterization of the aerosolization of okadaic acid (OA), homoyessotoxin, and dinophysistoxin-1 using seawater spiked with toxic algae combined with the realistic SSA production in a marine aerosol reference tank (MART). The potential for aerosolization of these phycotoxins was highlighted by their 78- to 1769-fold enrichment in SSAs relative to the subsurface water. To obtain and support these results, we first developed an analytical method for the determination of phycotoxin concentrations in SSAs, which showed good linearity ( > 0.99), recovery (85.3-101.8%), and precision (RSDs ≤ 17.2%). We also investigated natural phycotoxin air concentrations by means of in situ SSA sampling with concurrent aerosolization experiments using natural seawater in the MART. This approach allowed us to indirectly quantify the (harmless) magnitude of OA concentrations (0.6-51 pg m) in Belgium's coastal air. Overall, this study provides new insights into the enriched aerosolization of marine compounds and proposes a framework to assess their airborne exposure and effects on human health.
迄今为止，很少有研究探讨过海雾气溶胶（SSA）在人类接触有害和有益海洋化合物方面的作用。据报道，两组藻毒素（短裸甲藻毒素和石房蛤毒素）在有害赤潮期间会引起呼吸道综合征。然而，其他常见海洋藻毒素的气溶胶化和沿海空气浓度从未被检测过。本研究首次（实验性地）提供了使用添加了有毒藻类的海水与海洋气溶胶参考罐（MART）中实际 SSA 产生相结合来气溶胶化 okadaic 酸（OA）、同鱼腥藻毒素和 dinophysistoxin-1 的证据和特征描述。这些藻毒素在 SSA 中的浓缩倍数为 78-1769 倍，相对于次表层水，这突显了它们气溶胶化的潜力。为了获得和支持这些结果，我们首先开发了一种用于测定 SSA 中藻毒素浓度的分析方法，该方法表现出良好的线性（>0.99）、回收率（85.3-101.8%）和精密度（RSDs ≤ 17.2%）。我们还通过在 MART 中使用天然海水进行现场 SSA 采样和同时进行气溶胶化实验，研究了天然藻毒素的空气浓度。这种方法使我们能够间接量化比利时沿海空气中（无害的）OA 浓度（0.6-51 pg m）的大小。总体而言，本研究提供了对海洋化合物富化气溶胶化的新见解，并提出了一种评估其空气暴露和对人类健康影响的框架。
