Department of Economics and Management, Research Laboratory in Management, Economics and Social Sciences (LARGESS), Faculty of Law, Economics and Social of El Jadida, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Aug;28(32):44028-44038. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13818-5. Epub 2021 Apr 12.
This study examines the influence of tourism, economic growth, and electricity consumption on carbon dioxide (CO) emission in the presence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model for a panel of four countries of North Africa, namely, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt, over the period 1980-2014. Since we find the existence of cross-sectional dependence, we apply the unit root tests of CIPS and CADF, the Westerlund cointegration test as well as the dynamic seemingly unrelated regression (DSUR), and the Dumitrescu-Hurlin Granger causality test. The empirical results show that electricity consumption has a positive effect on CO2 emissions. In contrast, tourism has a negative relationship with CO2 emissions, implying improvement in the quality of the environment. The conclusions confirm the hypothesis of the environmental Kuznets curve for the countries in our sample. In addition, the causality test indicates the following results: (i) a one-way causality from real income, electricity consumption, and tourism to carbon emissions. (ii) A one-way causality running from electricity consumption to real income and tourist arrivals. (iii) A two-way causality between real income and tourism development. Based on these empirical results, several policy recommendations are proposed for the four countries of North Africa.
本研究利用环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）模型，考察了旅游业、经济增长和电力消费对 1980 年至 2014 年间北非四国（摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯和埃及）二氧化碳（CO）排放的影响。由于我们发现存在横截面相关性，因此我们应用了 CIPS 和 CADF 的单位根检验、Westerlund 协整检验以及动态似乎不相关回归（DSUR）和 Dumitrescu-Hurlin 格兰杰因果检验。实证结果表明，电力消费对 CO2 排放有正向影响。相比之下，旅游业与 CO2 排放呈负相关，这意味着环境质量得到了改善。这些结论证实了我们样本中各国环境库兹涅茨曲线的假设。此外，因果关系检验表明存在以下结果：（i）从实际收入、电力消费和旅游业到碳排放的单向因果关系。（ii）电力消费对实际收入和游客入境的单向因果关系。（iii）实际收入和旅游发展之间的双向因果关系。基于这些实证结果，我们为北非四国提出了几项政策建议。
