Biodiscovery Institute, Scancell Limited, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Front Immunol. 2021 Mar 30;12:627932. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.627932. eCollection 2021.
Vaccination was first pioneered in the 18th century by Edward Jenner and eventually led to the development of the smallpox vaccine and subsequently the eradication of smallpox. The impact of vaccination to prevent infectious diseases has been outstanding with many infections being prevented and a significant decrease in mortality worldwide. Cancer vaccines aim to clear active disease instead of aiming to prevent disease, the only exception being the recently approved vaccine that prevents cancers caused by the Human Papillomavirus. The development of therapeutic cancer vaccines has been disappointing with many early cancer vaccines that showed promise in preclinical models often failing to translate into efficacy in the clinic. In this review we provide an overview of the current vaccine platforms, adjuvants and delivery systems that are currently being investigated or have been approved. With the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, we also review the potential of these to be used with cancer vaccines to improve efficacy and help to overcome the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment.
疫苗接种最早由爱德华·詹纳（Edward Jenner）于 18 世纪首创，最终导致了天花疫苗的发展，并随后根除了天花。疫苗接种预防传染病的效果显著，许多感染得到了预防，全球死亡率显著下降。癌症疫苗旨在清除活动性疾病，而不是预防疾病，唯一的例外是最近批准的预防人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）引起癌症的疫苗。治疗性癌症疫苗的开发令人失望，许多在临床前模型中显示出前景的早期癌症疫苗往往未能在临床上转化为疗效。在这篇综述中，我们概述了目前正在研究或已获得批准的疫苗平台、佐剂和递送系统。随着免疫检查点抑制剂的出现，我们还回顾了它们与癌症疫苗联合使用的潜力，以提高疗效，并有助于克服免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境。
