Gorodzeisky Anastasia, Semyonov Moshe
Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Front Sociol. 2019 Apr 12;4:24. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00024. eCollection 2019.
The present paper advances the proposition that level of opposition to immigration (i.e., endorsement of closure or exclusion) and its sources are not uniform and vary across immigrant groups. To test this proposition we utilize data from the 2014 European Social Survey for 20 countries and apply the analysis to the following groups: immigrants of same race/ethnic group as a majority population, immigrants of different race/ethnic group, Muslim, Jewish, and Roma immigrants. The analysis reveals that level of opposition to immigration of different ethno-religious groups in Europe is hierarchical, being most extreme toward Muslims and Roma and quite minor toward people of the same ethnic/race groups as well as toward Jews. Further analysis reveals that not only the level of opposition varies across groups but also the sources that drive such opposition. In general, the sources of opposition to immigration can be divided to 2 major categories: universal sources and group-specific sources. The universal sources (sources which increase opposition toward all immigrants regardless of their origin) pertain to threat of competition over socio-economic and symbolic resources. The group-specific sources consist of racism, fear of crime, and inter-group contact. Racism and lack of inter-group contact tend to increase opposition that is exclusive to Muslim and to Roma immigrants. Racism, however, does not increase opposition that is exclusive to immigrants belonging to a race/ethnicity, which is different from most country people. Fear of crime is likely to prompt opposition that is exclusive to immigrants of different race/ethnic group and to Roma but not toward Muslims. The findings underscore the multiple sources underlying emergence of anti-immigrant sentiment, in general, and opposition to specific groups of immigrants, in particular.
对移民的反对程度（即对封闭或排斥的认可）及其根源并非一致，而是因移民群体而异。为验证这一观点，我们使用了2014年欧洲社会调查中20个国家的数据，并将分析应用于以下群体：与多数人口同一种族/民族的移民、不同种族/民族的移民、穆斯林移民、犹太移民和罗姆移民。分析表明，欧洲不同种族宗教群体对移民的反对程度呈等级分布，对穆斯林和罗姆人的反对最为极端，对同一种族/民族的人以及犹太人的反对则相当轻微。进一步分析表明，不仅反对程度因群体而异，而且导致这种反对的根源也不同。一般来说，对移民的反对根源可分为两大类：普遍根源和特定群体根源。普遍根源（即无论移民来自何处都会增加对所有移民反对的根源）与社会经济和象征性资源竞争的威胁有关。特定群体根源包括种族主义、对犯罪的恐惧以及群体间接触。种族主义和群体间接触的缺乏往往会增加对穆斯林和罗姆移民特有的反对。然而，种族主义并不会增加对与大多数本国人民不同种族/民族的移民特有的反对。对犯罪的恐惧可能会引发对不同种族/民族移民和罗姆移民特有的反对，但不会针对穆斯林。这些发现强调了反移民情绪产生的多种根源，总体而言，特别是对特定移民群体的反对。
