König Stefanie, Johansson Boo E A, Bolin Kristian
Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Centre for Ageing and Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Front Sociol. 2019 Dec 20;4:84. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00084. eCollection 2019.
This study investigates the importance of mid-career income for the gender pension gap and psychological scarring effects of low income earlier in life. More specifically we analyse whether women's typically less stable mid-life careers also affect outcomes in late careers and in retirement. Swedish income register data from 1990, 2009, and 2015 was linked to the "HEalth, Ageing, and Retirement Transitions in Sweden" survey. The gender pension gap of 966 retirees and worries about pension income of 2,723 older workers between the age of 60 and 66 years were investigated. Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions were applied to analyse the gender pension gap and linear regressions were used for the analysis of financial worries. Results show that gender differences in mid-career income play a stronger role for the gender pension gap than late career income. Mid-career income is furthermore related to higher worries about pension income and accounts for observed gender differences. Our findings demonstrate that gender gaps in mid-career income can be regarded as an open wound with visible negative effects in older ages. The reformed pension system in Sweden may potentially contribute to an even greater gender gap in pensions.
本研究调查了职业生涯中期收入对性别养老金差距以及早年低收入造成的心理创伤效应的重要性。更具体地说，我们分析了女性通常不太稳定的中年职业生涯是否也会影响后期职业生涯和退休后的结果。将1990年、2009年和2015年瑞典收入登记数据与“瑞典健康、老龄化及退休转型”调查相联系。对966名退休人员的性别养老金差距以及2723名年龄在60至66岁之间老年工人对养老金收入的担忧进行了调查。运用布林德-奥克分解法分析性别养老金差距，并使用线性回归分析财务担忧情况。结果表明，职业生涯中期收入的性别差异对性别养老金差距的影响比后期职业生涯收入更大。此外，职业生涯中期收入与对养老金收入的更高担忧相关，并解释了观察到的性别差异。我们的研究结果表明，职业生涯中期收入的性别差距可被视为一道开放性伤口，在老年时会产生明显的负面影响。瑞典改革后的养老金制度可能会进一步加剧养老金方面的性别差距。
