El-Bondkly Esraa Ahmed Mohamed, El-Bondkly Alaa Ahmed Mohamed, El-Bondkly Aya Ahmed Mohamed
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th October City, Giza, Egypt.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
Heliyon. 2021 Mar 8;7(3):e06362. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06362. eCollection 2021 Mar.
The growing threat arises due to diseases such as cancer and the infections around the world leading to a critical requirement for novel and constructive compounds with unique ways of action capable of combating these deadly diseases. At present, it is evident that endophytic fungi constitute an enormous as well as comparatively untapped source of great biodiversity that can be considered as a wellspring of effective novel natural products for medical, agricultural and industrial use. Marine endophytic fungi have been found in every marine plants (algae, seagrass, driftwood, mangrove plants), marine vertebrates (mainly, fish) or marine invertebrates (mainly, sponge and coral) inter- and intra-cellular without causing any palpable symptoms of illness. Since evolution of microbes and eukaryotes to a higher level, coevolution has resulted in specific interaction mechanisms. Endophytic fungi are known to influence the life cycle and are necessary for the homeostasis of their eukaryotic hosts and the chemical signals of their host have been shown to activate gene expression in endophytes to induce expression of endophytic secondary metabolites. Marine endophytic fungi are receiving increasing attention by chemists because of their varied and structurally unmatched compounds that have strong biological roles in life as lead pharmaceutical compounds, including anticancer, antiviral, insulin mimetic, antineurodegenerative, antimicrobial, antioxidant and immuno-suppressant compounds. Moreover, fungal endophytes proved to have different biological activities for exploitation in the environmental and agricultural sustainability.
癌症等疾病以及全球范围内的感染引发了日益严重的威胁，这导致迫切需要具有独特作用方式的新型建设性化合物来对抗这些致命疾病。目前，很明显内生真菌构成了巨大且相对未被开发的生物多样性来源，可被视为医疗、农业和工业用有效新型天然产物的源泉。在各种海洋植物（藻类、海草、浮木、红树林植物）、海洋脊椎动物（主要是鱼类）或海洋无脊椎动物（主要是海绵和珊瑚）的细胞间和细胞内都发现了海洋内生真菌，且它们不会引发任何明显的疾病症状。自从微生物和真核生物进化到更高水平以来，共同进化产生了特定的相互作用机制。已知内生真菌会影响生命周期，并且对于其真核宿主的体内平衡是必需的，而且宿主的化学信号已被证明能激活内生真菌中的基因表达，从而诱导内生真菌次级代谢产物的表达。海洋内生真菌因其多样且结构独特的化合物而受到化学家越来越多的关注，这些化合物在生命中具有强大的生物学作用，可作为先导药物化合物，包括抗癌、抗病毒、胰岛素模拟、抗神经退行性、抗菌、抗氧化和免疫抑制化合物。此外，真菌内生菌在环境和农业可持续性方面被证明具有不同的生物活性可供开发利用。
