Bretagnolle F, Thompson J D
Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, C.N.R.S., Route de Mende, BP. 5051, 34033 Montpellier Cédex, France.
New Phytol. 1995 Jan;129(1):1-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03005.x.
The production of 2n gametes in plants, i.e. gametes with a somatic chromosome number, is considered to be the dominant process involved in the origin of polyploid plants. In this review, we provide a synthesis of current knowledge concerning the production of 2n gametes. Firstly, we describe the different methods used to detect and quantify the production of 2n gametes in plants, which include morphological and flow cytometry screening of the occurrence of 2n pollen, the analysis of crosses among diploid and tetraploid parents and the instigation of micro-and mega-sporogenesis. Secondly, the high level of inter- and infra-specific variation in 2n gametes production is described. Thirdly, the various cytological anomalies responsible for the production of 2n gametes are reviewed, with particular reference to the relative genetic consequences of the first and second restitution divisions that give rise to 2n gametes. Fourthly, the significance of 2n gametes in crop plant improvement is discussed, in relation to somatic chromosome doubling to obtain new polyploid varieties. In particular, we compare the genetic and yield consequences of methods based on unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidization. Finally, we outline how knowledge of the variety of mechanisms involved in 2n gamete production have increased our understanding of the evolutionary significance of polyploidy and the population biology of polyploid plants. Contents Summary 1 I. Introduction 2 II. Methods used to detect the presence and frequency of 2n gametes 3 III. Frequency of 2n gamete production 5 IV. Mechanisms of formation and the influence of external factors 6 V. The genetic consequences of First Division Restitution (FDR) and Second Division Restitution (SDR) 12 VI. 2n gametes and the unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidization of crop plants 13 VII. The evolutionary significance of 2n gamete production 15 Acknowledgements 18 References 18.
植物中2n配子（即具有体细胞染色体数目的配子）的产生被认为是多倍体植物起源过程中的主要过程。在本综述中，我们综合了有关2n配子产生的当前知识。首先，我们描述了用于检测和量化植物中2n配子产生的不同方法，包括对2n花粉出现情况的形态学和流式细胞术筛选、二倍体和四倍体亲本间杂交的分析以及小孢子和大孢子发生的诱导。其次，描述了2n配子产生中种间和种内的高度变异。第三，综述了导致2n配子产生的各种细胞学异常，特别提及了产生2n配子的第一次和第二次 restitution 分裂的相对遗传后果。第四，讨论了2n配子在作物改良中的意义，涉及体细胞染色体加倍以获得新的多倍体品种。特别是，我们比较了基于单侧和双侧有性多倍体化方法的遗传和产量后果。最后，我们概述了对2n配子产生所涉及的多种机制的了解如何增进了我们对多倍体进化意义和多倍体植物群体生物学的理解。内容摘要1 I. 引言2 II. 检测2n配子存在和频率的方法3 III. 2n配子产生的频率5 IV. 形成机制及外部因素的影响6 V. 第一次分裂 restitution（FDR）和第二次分裂 restitution（SDR）的遗传后果*12 VI. 2n配子与作物植物的单侧和双侧有性多倍体化13 VII. 2n配子产生的进化意义15 致谢18 参考文献18 。
*注：文中“restitution”未查到准确释义，暂保留原文。此处可能存在拼写错误，推测可能是“ restitution”应为“ restitution division”（核内有丝分裂） 。
