Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, People's Republic of China.
Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai, 201209, People's Republic of China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Sep;28(33):45867-45878. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13430-7. Epub 2021 Apr 21.
With the rapid promotion of new energy vehicles, in-use electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) are becoming an important component of urban mining. This paper analyzed the metal stocks in EVBs in China from 2009 to 2019 using a bottom-up method, which focused on the in-use stock of seven main metals, namely, nickel, cobalt, manganese, lithium, copper, aluminum, and iron, in primary use stage and secondary use stage of three EVB types, namely, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide battery (NMC), lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP), and lithium manganese oxide battery (LMO). It was found that the rapid development of electric vehicles (EVs) contributed to a dramatic increase in in-use metal stocks from 0.7 kt in 2009 to 1.1 Mt in 2019. To assess the increase, three scenarios simulating metal stocks in EVBs from 2020 to 2030 were analyzed, namely, baseline, NMC-dominated, and LFP-dominated, and results indicated that metal stocks will reach 20.6 Mt, 23.2 Mt, and 17.9 Mt, respectively, by 2030. Across the scenarios there is little proportional difference in metal stocks between the two use stages. The proportion of the three EVB types correlates to the development trend of EVB technology under each corresponding scenario. Besides, the in-use metal stocks in EVBs have high implied recycling potential and environmental benefit. The recycling potential of these seven metals is 1.0 Mt in 2019, and it will reach 20.0 Mt, 22.6 Mt, and 17.4 Mt, respectively, in 2030 under the three scenarios. The results reveal the current status and evolution characteristics of metal stocks in EVBs in China, and provide data for material flow analysis and life cycle management of EVBs.
随着新能源汽车的快速推广，在用电动汽车电池（EVB）正成为城市矿山的重要组成部分。本文采用自下而上的方法，分析了 2009 年至 2019 年中国 EVB 中的金属存量，重点关注了三种 EVB 类型（即镍锰钴酸锂电池（NMC）、磷酸铁锂电池（LFP）和锰酸锂电池（LMO））在一次使用阶段和二次使用阶段的七种主要金属（镍、钴、锰、锂、铜、铝和铁）的存量。结果表明，电动汽车（EV）的快速发展导致 2009 年至 2019 年在用金属存量从 0.7 千吨急剧增加到 110 万吨。为了评估这种增长，分析了三种情景下 2020 年至 2030 年 EVB 中金属存量的变化，即基线情景、NMC 主导情景和 LFP 主导情景。结果表明，到 2030 年，金属存量将分别达到 2060 万吨、2320 万吨和 1790 万吨。在所有情景下，两个使用阶段的金属存量比例差异不大。三种 EVB 类型的比例与每个相应情景下的 EVB 技术发展趋势相关。此外，EVB 中的在用金属存量具有较高的隐含回收潜力和环境效益。2019 年这七种金属的回收潜力为 100 万吨，在三种情景下，到 2030 年将分别达到 2000 万吨、2260 万吨和 1740 万吨。结果揭示了中国 EVB 中金属存量的现状和演变特征，为 EVB 的物质流分析和生命周期管理提供了数据。
