Jensen Camilla
Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
Heliyon. 2021 Apr 3;7(4):e06578. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06578. eCollection 2021 Apr.
The paper tests the pollution haven hypothesis in the context of three economies on the borders of the European Union in the Mediterranean Basin: Greece, Italy, and Turkey. Large differences in soft and hard aspects of green behaviour are revealed. Multinational firms are found to be more likely to use 'soft talk' strategies across the three economies. Yet the research also reveals that the multinationals are often more energy-intensive. Data for electricity consumption (where the largest regulatory differences exist across the EU border) show that there is a difference in the energy intensity of foreign and domestic firms in Turkey. At prices 45% lower than the unweighted EU average, the paper documents a 114% difference in electricity consumption by ownership. This difference in the difference between foreign and domestic firms' green behaviour across the three economies studied provides strong validation for the pollution haven hypothesis.
本文在地中海盆地欧盟边境的三个经济体（希腊、意大利和土耳其）的背景下检验了污染避难所假说。研究揭示了绿色行为在软、硬方面存在巨大差异。研究发现，跨国公司在这三个经济体中更有可能采用“软策略”。然而，研究还表明，跨国公司往往能源密集度更高。电力消费数据（欧盟边境存在最大监管差异的领域）显示，土耳其的外资企业和本土企业在能源强度上存在差异。在比未加权的欧盟平均价格低45%的价格水平下，本文记录了不同所有制企业的电力消费存在114%的差异。在所研究的三个经济体中，外资企业和本土企业绿色行为的这种差异差异，为污染避难所假说提供了有力验证。
