State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
Chemosphere. 2021 Sep;279:130500. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130500. Epub 2021 Apr 7.
Carbamate compounds are commonly applied in agricultural sectors as alternative options to the recalcitrant organochlorine pesticides due to their easier breakdown and less persistent nature. However, the large-scale use of carbamates also leads to toxic environmental residues, causing severe toxicity in various living systems. The toxic effects of carbamates are due to their inhibitor activity against the acetylchlolinesterase enzyme. This enzyme is crucial for neurotransmission signaling in living beings. Hence, from the environmental point of view, the elimination of carbamates is a worldwide concern and priority. Microbial technology can be deliberated as a potential tool that can work efficiently and as an ecofriendly option for the dissipation of carbamate insecticides from contaminated environments by improving biodegradation processes via metabolic activities of microorganisms. A variety of bacterial and fungal species have been isolated and characterized and are capable of degrading a broad range of carbamates in soil and water environments. In addition, microbial carbamate hydrolase genes (mcd, cehA, cahA, cfdJ, and mcbA) were strongly implicated in the evolution of new metabolic functions and carbamate hydrolase enzymes. However, the accurate localization and appropriate functions of carbamate hydrolase enzymes/genes are very limited. To explore the information on the degradation routes of carbamates and promote the application of biodegradation, a study of molecular techniques is required to unlock insights regarding the degradation specific genes and enzymes. Hence, this review discusses the deep understanding of carbamate degradation mechanisms with microbial strains, metabolic pathways, molecular mechanisms, and their genetic basis in degradation.
氨基甲酸酯化合物由于其易于分解和较少持久性的特点，通常被应用于农业领域作为难降解有机氯农药的替代品。然而，氨基甲酸酯的大规模使用也导致了有毒的环境残留，对各种生物系统造成了严重的毒性。氨基甲酸酯的毒性作用是由于它们对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制活性。这种酶对于生物体内的神经传递信号至关重要。因此，从环境角度来看，消除氨基甲酸酯是全世界关注的焦点和优先事项。微生物技术可以被认为是一种潜在的工具，可以通过微生物的代谢活动来提高生物降解过程，有效地作为一种环保的选择，用于从受污染的环境中消除氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂。已经分离和表征了多种细菌和真菌物种，它们能够在土壤和水环境中降解广泛的氨基甲酸酯。此外，微生物氨基甲酸酯水解酶基因（mcd、cehA、cahA、cfdJ 和 mcbA）强烈暗示了新代谢功能和氨基甲酸酯水解酶的进化。然而，氨基甲酸酯水解酶酶/基因的准确定位和适当功能非常有限。为了探索氨基甲酸酯降解途径的信息，促进生物降解的应用，需要研究分子技术来揭示降解特定基因和酶的信息。因此，本综述讨论了微生物菌株、代谢途径、分子机制及其降解中的遗传基础对氨基甲酸酯降解机制的深入理解。
