The impact of sleep loss on performance monitoring and error-monitoring: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Awareness of performance deficits and errors during sleep loss could be protective against the consequences of sleep deprivation, however, it is unclear whether sleep deprived individuals have insight into their performance. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of sleep loss (sleep duration <6 h) on monitoring of performance and errors using Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO & Cochrane Central. We identified 28 studies, 11 of which were appropriate for meta-analysis. The systematic review indicated limited consensus regarding sleep loss impacts on performance monitoring, due to substantial differences in study methodology. However, participants typically demonstrated more conservative estimates of performance during sleep loss. Error-monitoring literature was more consistent, indicating an impairment in error-monitoring following sleep loss. Meta-analyses supported the findings of the systematic review. In terms of methodology, we found the performance monitoring literature is limited by an overreliance on correlational designs, which are likely confounded by response bias. The error-monitoring literature is limited by very few studies utilising behavioural measures to directly measure error-awareness. Future performance monitoring studies must employ methods which control for confounds such as bias, and error-monitoring studies must incorporate combined behavioural and ERP measures to better understand the impact of sleep loss on error-monitoring.