Schofield Jonathon S, Battraw Marcus A, Parker Adam S R, Pilarski Patrick M, Sensinger Jonathon W, Marasco Paul D
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Front Neurorobot. 2021 Apr 9;15:661603. doi: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.661603. eCollection 2021.
During every waking moment, we must engage with our environments, the people around us, the tools we use, and even our own bodies to perform actions and achieve our intentions. There is a spectrum of control that we have over our surroundings that spans the extremes from full to negligible. When the outcomes of our actions do not align with our goals, we have a tremendous capacity to displace blame and frustration on external factors while forgiving ourselves. This is especially true when we cooperate with machines; they are rarely afforded the level of forgiveness we provide our bodies and often bear much of our blame. Yet, our brain readily engages with autonomous processes in controlling our bodies to coordinate complex patterns of muscle contractions, make postural adjustments, adapt to external perturbations, among many others. This acceptance of biological autonomy may provide avenues to promote more forgiving human-machine partnerships. In this perspectives paper, we argue that striving for machine embodiment is a pathway to achieving effective and forgiving human-machine relationships. We discuss the mechanisms that help us identify ourselves and our bodies as separate from our environments and we describe their roles in achieving embodied cooperation. Using a representative selection of examples in neurally interfaced prosthetic limbs and intelligent mechatronics, we describe techniques to engage these same mechanisms when designing autonomous systems and their potential bidirectional interfaces.
在每一个清醒的时刻，我们都必须与周围环境、身边的人、我们使用的工具，甚至我们自己的身体进行互动，以采取行动并实现我们的意图。我们对周围环境的控制程度有一个范围，从完全控制到几乎可以忽略不计。当我们的行动结果与目标不一致时，我们有很大的倾向将责任和挫折归咎于外部因素，同时原谅自己。当我们与机器合作时尤其如此；机器很少能得到我们给予自己身体的那种宽容程度，而且常常承担我们的许多指责。然而，我们的大脑在控制身体时很容易参与自主过程，以协调复杂的肌肉收缩模式、进行姿势调整、适应外部干扰等等。对生物自主性的这种接受可能为促进更宽容的人机伙伴关系提供途径。在这篇观点论文中，我们认为追求机器具身化是实现有效且宽容的人机关系的一条途径。我们讨论了帮助我们将自己和身体与环境区分开来的机制，并描述了它们在实现具身合作中的作用。通过在神经接口假肢和智能机电一体化中选取有代表性的例子，我们描述了在设计自主系统及其潜在双向接口时运用这些相同机制的技术。
