McCullough M E, Worthington E L, Rachal K C
National Institute for Healthcare Research, Rockville, Maryland 20852.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997 Aug;73(2):321-36. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.73.2.321.
Forgiving is a motivational transformation that inclines people to inhibit relationship-destructive responses and to behave constructively toward someone who has behaved destructively toward them. The authors describe a model of forgiveness based on the hypothesis that people forgive others to the extent that they experience empathy for them. Two studies investigated the empathy model of forgiveness. In Study 1, the authors developed measures of empathy and forgiveness. The authors found evidence consistent with the hypotheses that (a) the relationship between receiving an apology from and forgiving one's offender is a function of increased empathy for the offender and (b) that forgiving is uniquely related to conciliatory behavior and avoidance behavior toward the offending partner. In Study 2, the authors conducted an intervention in which empathy was manipulated to examine the empathy-forgiving relationship more closely. Results generally supported the conceptualization of forgiving as a motivational phenomenon and the empathy-forgiving link.
宽恕是一种动机转变，它促使人们抑制破坏关系的反应，并对曾对自己有过破坏性行为的人采取建设性的行为。作者基于人们会因对他人产生同理心而宽恕他人这一假设，描述了一个宽恕模型。两项研究对宽恕的同理心模型进行了调查。在研究1中，作者开发了同理心和宽恕的测量方法。作者发现了与以下假设一致的证据：(a) 从冒犯者那里得到道歉与宽恕冒犯者之间的关系是对冒犯者同理心增强的结果，以及 (b) 宽恕与对冒犯伙伴的和解行为和回避行为有着独特的关联。在研究2中，作者进行了一项干预，通过操纵同理心来更密切地检验同理心与宽恕的关系。结果总体上支持了将宽恕概念化为一种动机现象以及同理心与宽恕之间联系的观点。
