A Whole-Cell Bacterial Biosensor for Blood Markers Detection in Urine.

The early detection of blood in urine (hematuria) can play a crucial role in the treatment of serious diseases (.., infections, kidney disease, schistosomiasis, and cancer). Therefore, the development of low-cost portable biosensors for blood detection in urine has become necessary. Here, we designed an ultrasensitive whole-cell bacterial biosensor interfaced with an optoelectronic measurement module for heme detection in urine. Heme is a red blood cells (RBCs) component that is liberated from lysed cells. The bacterial biosensor includes cells carrying a heme-sensitive synthetic promoter integrated with a luciferase reporter () from . To improve the bacterial biosensor performance, we re-engineered the genetic structure of operon by splitting it into two parts ( and ). The genes were regulated by the heme-sensitive promoter, and the genes were regulated by either constitutive or inducible promoters. We examined the genetic circuit's performance in synthetic urine diluent supplied with heme and in human urine supplied with lysed blood. Finally, we interfaced the bacterial biosensor with a light detection setup based on a commercial optical measurement single-photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD). The whole-cell biosensor was tested in human urine with lysed blood, demonstrating a low-cost, portable, and easy-to-use hematuria detection with an ON-to-OFF ratio of 6.5-fold for blood levels from 5 × 10 to 5 × 10 RBC per mL of human urine.