Hamilton Arthur, Northoff Georg
Department of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Front Psychiatry. 2021 Apr 12;12:642469. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642469. eCollection 2021.
Interest in disordered sense of self in schizophrenia has recently re-emerged in the literature. It has been proposed that there is a basic self disturbance, underlying the diagnostic symptoms of schizophrenia, in which the person's sense of being a bounded individual continuous through time loses stability. This disturbance has been documented phenomenologically and at the level of cognitive tasks. However, the neural correlates of basic self disorder in schizophrenia are poorly understood. A search of PubMed was used to identify studies on self and schizophrenia that reported EEG or MEG data. Thirty-three studies were identified, 32 using EEG and one using MEG. Their operationalizations of the self were divided into six paradigms: self-monitoring for errors, proprioception, self-other integration, self-referential processing, aberrant salience, and source monitoring. Participants with schizophrenia were less accurate on self-referential processing tasks and had slower response times across most studies. Event-related potential amplitudes differed across many early and late components, with reduced N100 suppression in source monitoring paradigms being the most replicated finding. Several studies found differences in one or more frequency band, but no coherent overall finding emerged in this area. Various other measures of brain dynamics also showed differences in single studies. Only some of the study designs were adequate to establish a causal relationship between the self and EEG or MEG measures. The broad range of changes suggests a global self disturbance at the neuronal level, possibly carried over from the resting state. Further studies that successfully isolate self-related effects are warranted to better understand the temporal-dynamic and spatial-topographic basis of self disorder and its relationship to basic self disturbance on the phenomenological level.
近期，精神分裂症中自我感知紊乱的研究在文献中再度兴起。有人提出，在精神分裂症的诊断症状背后存在一种基本的自我障碍，即个体作为一个有界限的、在时间上持续存在的个体的自我感知失去了稳定性。这种障碍已在现象学层面和认知任务层面得到记录。然而，精神分裂症中基本自我障碍的神经关联却知之甚少。通过检索PubMed来识别报告了脑电图（EEG）或脑磁图（MEG）数据的关于自我与精神分裂症的研究。共识别出33项研究，其中32项使用EEG，1项使用MEG。它们对自我的操作化分为六种范式：错误自我监测、本体感觉、自我与他人整合、自我参照加工、异常显著性和来源监测。在大多数研究中，精神分裂症患者在自我参照加工任务上的准确性较低，反应时间较慢。许多早期和晚期成分的事件相关电位幅度存在差异，其中来源监测范式中N100抑制减弱是最常重复出现的发现。几项研究发现了一个或多个频段的差异，但在这一领域没有出现一致的总体发现。其他各种脑动力学测量在个别研究中也显示出差异。只有部分研究设计足以确立自我与EEG或MEG测量之间的因果关系。广泛的变化表明在神经元层面存在整体的自我障碍，可能源自静息状态。有必要开展进一步研究以成功分离自我相关效应，从而更好地理解自我障碍的时间动态和空间拓扑基础及其在现象学层面与基本自我障碍的关系。
