Erlichman Joseph S, Leiter James C
Department of Biology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY 13617, USA.
White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Apr 1;10(4):547. doi: 10.3390/antiox10040547.
Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have received a great deal of attention as potential theranostic agents. Despite extensive work on a wide variety of metal oxide NPs, few chemically active metal oxide NPs have received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance. The clinical translation of metal oxide NP activity, which often looks so promising in preclinical studies, has not progressed as rapidly as one might expect. The lack of FDA approval for metal oxide NPs appears to be a consequence of the complex transformation of NP chemistry as any given NP passes through multiple extra- and intracellular environments and interacts with a variety of proteins and transport processes that may degrade or transform the chemical properties of the metal oxide NP. Moreover, the translational models frequently used to study these materials do not represent the final therapeutic environment well, and studies in reduced preparations have, all too frequently, predicted fundamentally different physico-chemical properties from the biological activity observed in intact organisms. Understanding the evolving pharmacology of metal oxide NPs as they interact with biological systems is critical to establish translational test systems that effectively predict future theranostic activity.
金属氧化物纳米颗粒（NPs）作为潜在的诊疗试剂受到了广泛关注。尽管针对多种金属氧化物纳米颗粒开展了大量研究工作，但几乎没有具有化学活性的金属氧化物纳米颗粒获得美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）的批准。金属氧化物纳米颗粒活性在临床前研究中往往前景看好，但其临床转化进展却不如预期迅速。金属氧化物纳米颗粒未获FDA批准，似乎是由于任何特定纳米颗粒在穿过多个细胞外和细胞内环境并与多种蛋白质及转运过程相互作用时，纳米颗粒化学性质会发生复杂转变，这些相互作用可能会降解或改变金属氧化物纳米颗粒的化学性质。此外，常用于研究这些材料的转化模型并不能很好地代表最终的治疗环境，而且在简化制剂中的研究常常预测出与完整生物体中观察到的生物活性截然不同的物理化学性质。了解金属氧化物纳米颗粒与生物系统相互作用时不断演变的药理学特性，对于建立能够有效预测未来诊疗活性的转化测试系统至关重要。
