Bocanegra Aránzazu, Macho-González Adrián, Garcimartín Alba, Benedí Juana, Sánchez-Muniz Francisco José
Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Apr 7;22(8):3816. doi: 10.3390/ijms22083816.
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major systemic disease which involves impaired pancreatic function and currently affects half a billion people worldwide. Diet is considered the cornerstone to reduce incidence and prevalence of this disease. Algae contains fiber, polyphenols, ω-3 PUFAs, and bioactive molecules with potential antidiabetic activity. This review delves into the applications of algae and their components in T2DM, as well as to ascertain the mechanism involved (e.g., glucose absorption, lipids metabolism, antioxidant properties, etc.). PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were used. Papers in which whole alga, algal extracts, or their isolated compounds were studied in in vitro conditions, T2DM experimental models, and humans were selected and discussed. This review also focuses on meat matrices or protein concentrate-based products in which different types of alga were included, aimed to modulate carbohydrate digestion and absorption, blood glucose, gastrointestinal neurohormones secretion, glycosylation products, and insulin resistance. As microbiota dysbiosis in T2DM and metabolic alterations in different organs are related, the review also delves on the effects of several bioactive algal compounds on the colon/microbiota-liver-pancreas-brain axis. As the responses to therapeutic diets vary dramatically among individuals due to genetic components, it seems a priority to identify major gene polymorphisms affecting potential positive effects of algal compounds on T2DM treatment.
2型糖尿病（T2DM）是一种主要的全身性疾病，涉及胰腺功能受损，目前全球有5亿人受其影响。饮食被认为是降低该疾病发病率和患病率的基石。藻类含有纤维、多酚、ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸以及具有潜在抗糖尿病活性的生物活性分子。本综述深入探讨了藻类及其成分在T2DM中的应用，并确定其中涉及的机制（例如葡萄糖吸收、脂质代谢、抗氧化特性等）。使用了PubMed和谷歌学术数据库。筛选并讨论了在体外条件、T2DM实验模型和人体中研究全藻、藻类提取物或其分离化合物的论文。本综述还关注了包含不同类型藻类以调节碳水化合物消化与吸收、血糖、胃肠神经激素分泌、糖基化产物和胰岛素抵抗的肉类基质或基于蛋白质浓缩物的产品。由于T2DM中的微生物群失调与不同器官的代谢改变相关，该综述还深入探讨了几种生物活性藻类化合物对结肠/微生物群-肝脏-胰腺-脑轴的影响。由于个体对治疗性饮食的反应因遗传因素而差异巨大，确定影响藻类化合物对T2DM治疗潜在积极作用的主要基因多态性似乎是当务之急。
