Sternberg Robert J, Glaveanu Vlad, Karami Sareh, Kaufman James C, Phillipson Shane N, Preiss David D
Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Department of Psychology and Counselling, Webster University Geneva, 1293 Bellevue, Switzerland.
J Intell. 2021 Apr 2;9(2):19. doi: 10.3390/jintelligence9020019.
A deeper understanding of the processes leading to problem framing and behind finding solutions to problems should help explain variability in the quality of the solutions to those problems. Using Sternberg's WICS model as the conceptual basis of problem solving, this article discusses the relations between creative, analytical, practical, and wisdom-based approaches as bases for solutions to problems. We use a construct of to encompass understanding, control, and coordination between these constructs. We propose that constraints can act at each of three levels-individual, contextual, and interactive. Individual constraints include the metacomponents (executive processes) that underpin each of the four kinds of solutions. Contextual constraints direct which of the four approaches are preferred under what circumstances. Finally, interactive constraints involve individual and contextual constraints directly impacting each other's actions. The model of meta-intelligence and its functioning helps to explain the variability in the ways that individuals frame problems and, as a consequence, in the solutions that are found. The model of meta-intelligence also helps explain why some solutions to problems are so much more comprehensive, and often better, than others.
对导致问题框架形成的过程以及解决问题背后的过程有更深入的理解，应该有助于解释针对这些问题的解决方案质量的变异性。本文以斯滕伯格的WICS模型作为解决问题的概念基础，讨论了创造性、分析性、实用性和基于智慧的方法之间的关系，这些方法是解决问题的基础。我们使用一个结构来涵盖这些结构之间的理解、控制和协调。我们提出，约束可以在三个层面上起作用——个体层面、情境层面和交互层面。个体约束包括支撑四种解决方案中每一种的元成分（执行过程）。情境约束决定在何种情况下四种方法中的哪一种更受青睐。最后，交互约束涉及个体约束和情境约束直接相互影响对方的行动。元智能模型及其运作有助于解释个体构建问题的方式的变异性，以及因此而找到的解决方案的变异性。元智能模型也有助于解释为什么有些问题的解决方案比其他方案更全面，而且通常更好。
