Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Nutrients. 2021 Apr 21;13(5):1391. doi: 10.3390/nu13051391.
The mouth is the first part of the gastrointestinal tract. During mastication sensory signals from the mouth, so-called oro-sensory exposure, elicit physiological signals that affect satiation and food intake. It has been established that a longer duration of oro-sensory exposure leads to earlier satiation. In addition, foods with more intense sweet or salty taste induce earlier satiation compared to foods that are equally palatable, but with lower taste intensity. Oro-sensory exposure to food affects satiation by direct signaling via the brainstem to higher cortical regions involved in taste and reward, including the nucleus accumbens and the insula. There is little evidence that oro-sensory exposure affects satiation indirectly through either hormone responses or gastric signals. Critical brain areas for satiation, such as the brainstem, should be studied more intensively to better understand the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the process of satiation. Furthermore, it is essential to increase the understanding of how of highly automated eating behaviors, such as oral processing and eating rate, are formed during early childhood. A better understanding of the aforementioned mechanisms provides fundamental insight in relation to strategies to prevent overconsumption and the development of obesity in future generations.
口腔是胃肠道的第一部分。在咀嚼过程中，口腔产生的感觉信号（所谓的口腔感觉暴露）会引发生理信号，从而影响饱腹感和食物摄入量。已经确定，口腔感觉暴露时间越长，饱腹感出现得越早。此外，与味道同样可口但味觉强度较低的食物相比，更甜或更咸的食物会导致更早出现饱腹感。食物的口腔感觉暴露通过脑干直接向参与味觉和奖励的大脑更高皮质区域发出信号，从而影响饱腹感，包括伏隔核和脑岛。几乎没有证据表明口腔感觉暴露通过激素反应或胃信号间接影响饱腹感。对于饱腹感的关键大脑区域，如脑干，应该更深入地研究，以更好地了解饱腹感过程的神经生理机制。此外，必须更多地了解在儿童早期，像口腔加工和进食速度这样高度自动化的进食行为是如何形成的。对上述机制的更好理解为预防过度消费和肥胖在后代中的发展提供了基本的认识。
