Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Jun 1;111(6):1137-1149. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa067.
Longer oral processing decreases food intake. This can be attributed to greater oro-sensory exposure (OSE) and a lower eating rate (ER). How these factors contribute to food intake, and the underlying physiological mechanisms, remain unclear.
We aimed to determine the independent and simultaneous effects of OSE and ER on satiation and associated endocrine responses.
Forty participants in study 1 [mean ± SD age: 24 ± 4 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 22 ± 2] and 20 in study 2 (mean ± SD age: 23 ± 3 y; BMI: 23 ± 2) participated in a 2 × 2 randomized trial. In both studies, participants ate chocolate custard with added caramel sauce (low OSE) or caramel fudge (high OSE) and with short (fast ER) or long breaks (slow ER) in between bites, until fullness. In study 2, endocrine responses were measured during the meal.
In study 1, participants ate (mean ± SEM) 42 ± 15 g less in the slow- than in the fast-ER condition, only within the high-OSE condition (P = 0.04). In study 2, participants ate 66 ± 21 g less in the high- than in the low-OSE condition and there were no intake differences between slow and fast ER (P = 0.35). Eight minutes after starting to eat, insulin concentrations increased by 42%-65% in all treatments compared with the control. At the end of the meal, insulin concentrations were 81% higher in the high-OSE, slow-ER than in the low-OSE, fast-ER condition (P = 0.049). Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) increased by 62%, 5 min after meal onset in the low-OSE, fast-ER condition (P = 0.005). Ghrelin concentrations did not change.
Greater OSE increases insulin responsiveness. In contrast, PP responses are stronger when OSE is reduced and ER is fast. Insulin and PP responses may mediate the independent effects of OSE and ER on food intake. These may be beneficial eating strategies, particularly for type 2 diabetic patients, to control food intake and maintain glucose homeostasis.This trial was registered at trialregister.nl as NL6544.
较长的口腔处理时间会减少食物摄入量。这可归因于更大的口腔感觉暴露（OSE）和较低的进食率（ER）。这些因素如何影响食物摄入，以及潜在的生理机制仍不清楚。
我们旨在确定 OSE 和 ER 对饱腹感和相关内分泌反应的独立和同时影响。
40 名参与者参加了研究 1（平均年龄±标准差：24±4 岁；BMI（kg/m2）：22±2）和 20 名参与者参加了研究 2（平均年龄±标准差：23±3 岁；BMI：23±2），他们参与了一项 2×2 随机试验。在两项研究中，参与者都吃了添加焦糖酱的巧克力奶油冻（低 OSE）或焦糖软糖（高 OSE），并且在每口之间有短（快 ER）或长（慢 ER）的休息时间，直到吃饱。在研究 2 中，测量了进食期间的内分泌反应。
在研究 1 中，参与者在慢 ER 条件下比在快 ER 条件下少吃了 42±15 克，仅在高 OSE 条件下（P=0.04）。在研究 2 中，参与者在高 OSE 条件下比在低 OSE 条件下少吃了 66±21 克，并且在慢 ER 和快 ER 之间没有摄入差异（P=0.35）。在开始进食后 8 分钟，与对照相比，所有处理组的胰岛素浓度增加了 42%-65%。在进餐结束时，高 OSE、慢 ER 条件下的胰岛素浓度比低 OSE、快 ER 条件下高 81%（P=0.049）。低 OSE、快 ER 条件下，餐后 5 分钟时胰多肽（PP）增加了 62%（P=0.005）。生长激素释放肽（ghrelin）浓度没有变化。
更大的 OSE 会增加胰岛素反应性。相比之下，当 OSE 减少且 ER 较快时，PP 反应更强。胰岛素和 PP 反应可能介导 OSE 和 ER 对食物摄入的独立影响。这些可能是有益的进食策略，特别是对于 2 型糖尿病患者，以控制食物摄入并维持血糖稳态。本试验在 trialregister.nl 上注册为 NL6544。
Zotero 插件
