Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Physiol Behav. 2012 Nov 5;107(4):496-501. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.008. Epub 2012 May 15.
One of the characteristics of the current obesogenic food supply is the large availability of foods that can be ingested quickly. Controlled nutrition intervention studies have shown that the ingestion of simple energy containing beverages, which are consumed very quickly, do not lead to a lower compensatory intake of other foods. One of the theories behind this observation is that calories that are ingested quickly are not well sensed by the sense of taste, and do not lead to an adequate satiety response. This idea is confirmed by the results of a series of studies, where we have shown that the low satiation/satiety response of beverages can be largely attributed to their short oral residence time. Prolonging the oro-sensory exposure time to foods leads to earlier meal termination and/or a higher satiety response. The low satiation/satiety response to simple energy containing beverages is congruent with the observation from studies on the cephalic phase response to foods, i.e. the physiological response to sensory signals. Energy containing beverages do not lead to an adequate cephalic phase response. Various recent studies showed that slower eating leads to higher levels of satiety hormones. These results are in line with the idea that the sense of taste is a nutrient sensor which informs the brain and the gut about the inflow of nutrients. The sense of taste has an important contribution to the satiating effect of foods. One of the challenges in future research is to see whether or not these proofs of principles can be applied in longer term studies with regular commercial foods. This may make our obesogenic food supply more satiating, and may lead to a lower energy intake.
当前致肥胖食物供应的一个特点是，可供快速摄入的食物大量存在。控制营养干预研究表明，快速摄入的简单能量饮料并不会导致对其他食物的补偿性摄入减少。这种观察背后的一个理论是，快速摄入的卡路里不会被味觉很好地感知，也不会导致足够的饱腹感反应。这一观点得到了一系列研究结果的证实，我们在这些研究中表明，饮料的低饱腹感/饱腹感反应在很大程度上可以归因于其短的口腔停留时间。延长食物的口腔感觉暴露时间会导致更早地结束进餐和/或更高的饱腹感反应。简单能量饮料的低饱腹感/饱腹感反应与对食物的头期反应的研究结果一致，即对感官信号的生理反应。能量饮料不会导致足够的头期反应。最近的各种研究表明，进食速度较慢会导致更高水平的饱腹感激素。这些结果与这样一种观点一致，即味觉是一种营养传感器，它向大脑和肠道传递有关营养物质流入的信息。味觉对食物的饱腹感有重要贡献。未来研究的一个挑战是，看看这些原理的证明是否可以应用于具有常规商业食品的长期研究中。这可能会使我们的致肥胖食物供应更具饱腹感，并可能导致能量摄入减少。
