Department of Various Sports and Camp Organisation, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland.
Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 21;18(9):4423. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094423.
The achievement of high performance levels in a complex structured sport such as karate is determined by the competitor's physical fitness, fighting technique, tactics and mental state. This study aimed to identify the most important determinants of top-level performance in karate.
The participants were 32 karate competitors (12 women and 20 men) aged 18-25 years. A series of tests measuring 11 anthropometric features was undertaken twice during a year, separated by a 6-week interval during a training camp at the Olympic Preparation Center in Walcz, Poland. Motor skills were measured with strength, speed, endurance, flexibility and reaction time tests. Special motor fitness was assessed with tests of karate technical skills. The results were subject to statistical analysis using multiple stepwise regression of the Polish Karate Federation ranking points as the dependent variable.
The multiple regression analysis revealed two main determinants of high scores in female and male karate competitors. In women, these were thigh circumference and the speed of the mawashi-geri-kick roundhouse technique (i.e., the maximum number of delivered kicks in 30 s), whilst for men they were the extent of the sideway leg swing to the highest possible height (yoko-geri) and general endurance assessed with the bent arm hang test.
Karate training should account for the determinants of high-level competitive karate performance identified in this study. Strengthening the lower limbs, exercises increasing hip joint mobility, low position movements, performing leg techniques in various planes and applying external loads undoubtedly increase a karate athlete's strength and lead to the development of a more extensive repertoire of karate leg techniques, especially at the highest-scoring head level (jodan).
在复杂结构的运动如空手道中取得高水平表现取决于运动员的身体素质、格斗技术、战术和心理状态。本研究旨在确定空手道顶级表现的最重要决定因素。
参与者为 32 名空手道运动员（12 名女性和 20 名男性），年龄在 18-25 岁之间。在波兰瓦尔奇的奥林匹克准备中心的训练营期间，进行了一系列测试，测量了 11 个人体测量特征，两次测试之间间隔 6 周。运动技能通过力量、速度、耐力、灵活性和反应时间测试进行测量。特殊运动适应性通过空手道技术技能测试进行评估。结果使用波兰空手道联合会排名点作为因变量的多元逐步回归进行统计分析。
多元回归分析揭示了女性和男性空手道运动员高分的两个主要决定因素。在女性中，这些因素是大腿周长和外摆踢（mawashi-geri-kick）的速度（即在 30 秒内完成的最大踢数），而对于男性，这些因素是侧摆腿的高度（yoko-geri）和通过屈臂悬挂测试评估的一般耐力。
空手道训练应考虑到本研究确定的高水平竞技空手道表现的决定因素。加强下肢力量、增加髋关节灵活性的练习、低位动作、在各种平面上执行腿部技术以及施加外部负荷无疑会增加空手道运动员的力量，并导致空手道腿部技术的更广泛的 repertoire 得到发展，特别是在最高得分的头部水平（jodan）。
